Comparing The Great Ancient Figures Of Ancient China And Rome

PowerPoint Script Introduction Good morning/ afternoon fellow Year Ten students, today I am presenting a presentation on why Ancient History is a great riveting subject to do in your senior years of education. This will be done through the comparison of two great ancient figures of ancient China and Rome. You will learn how the history of the great’s impact the modern society we see today, as Theodore Roosevelt once said ‘the more you know about the past, the better prepared you are for the future’. (Next slide) Spartacus The first ancient figure I will be talking about hails from Ancient Rome and was one of the great Gladiators of all times. This figure was a Thracian gladiator, little is known about his early life before he became a†¦show more content†¦(Next slide) Rome did not take Spartacus and his slave rebellion seriously, therefore fit line troops were not sent out to fight the rebellion of gladiators and slaves. The Roman armies of four forces that were sent out were outmanoeuvred and easily defeated. Spartacus won another three fights before a new roman military force under the control Marcus Crassus was sent to deal with the rebellious slave army. Eventually after long pursuits of battles, Spartacus was killed near the headwaters of the Siler River in southern Italy, but his body was never found. Crassus then crucified 6,000 rebellious slaves as a warning to others. Qin Shi Huang The next figure I will be introducing is a tyrant ruler from the China Dynasty. His father was the king of the Qin state, and at the age of thirteen his father passed away. He was well educated and at the age of 22, he took full control of his title as king. He had the ambition of wanting to master all the other six Chinese states. This made him the leader of all of china, and eventually he declared himself emperor. His real name was King Zeng. (Ask question to audience) Does anyone know this Emperor? (Next slide) His changed and most commonly used name is Qin Shi Huang; this is literally translated into the phrase ‘First emperor’. At the age of 22, Huang recognised his ambition and built the first feudal and centralized empire in ChineseShow MoreRelatedComparison on the Polybius from Punic Wars and Ssu-ma Chi’en995 Words   |  4 Pagesexisting separately at the southeast of China in Asia and at the core area of Mediterranean in Europe, the Han dynasty and Rome. They have both reached the high point of the contemporary civilizations. Also, they formed their empires by defeating their own hostile forces. There are significant differences between the two great empires in their process of birth, growth and perfection, ruling ideologies and institutions and so on. Before discovering and comparing these two civilizations, we have to enhanceRead MoreMarco Polo s Influence On The World1980 Words   |  8 PagesChildren all across the Western world learn about the traveler and merchant that travelled to China and set the path for the Silk Road. He brought back many exotic spices, silk, and other materials new to Europe. One of the most interesting goods he is said to have brought back to Europe was the noodle. The larger than life figure they learn about is Marco Polo. Marco Polo was born in Venice, Italy in 1254 CE.1 ¬ encyclopedia Polo was born into a merchant family. At the age of sixteen, PoloRead MoreMarx, Durkheim, And Weber2405 Words   |  10 Pagesunderstand Marx’s works. Marx asks, â€Å"What is the basis of capital, that is, of private property in the products of others’ labor?† (Marx, pp. 35). Marx refers to Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, which states, â€Å"The person who acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does not necessarily acquire or succeed to a political power†¦. The power which that possession immediately and directly conveys to him, is the power of purchasing; a certain command over all the labor† (Smith, pp. 26-27). From this, Marx concludesRead MoreThird World Country - Ethiopia4637 Words   |  19 PagesLatin America. The country of Ethiopia is described as a third world country due to its great poverty rate. This country has a peculiar land layout and is ranked 16th in the world with its population. Ethiopia is a country with interesting cultural ways and rich with historic events. Unfortunately some factors brought the Ethiopian country to become one of the worlds poorest countries. History of this great nation dates as far back as the 4th century C.E and as time progressed many interesting factsRead MoreArgumentative Essay on Telivision Is the Leading Cause of Violence in Todays Society9353 Words   |  38 Pages and the Punjab, where locals talked of an ancient city extending thirteen cosses (about 25 miles), but no archaeological interest would attach to this for nearly a century.[12] In 1856, British engineers John and William Brunton were laying the East Indian Railway Company line connecting the cities of Karachi and Lahore. John wrote: I was much exercised in my mind how we were to get ballast for the line of the railway. They were told of an ancient ruined city near the lines, called BrahminabadRead MoreThe Origin Of Alcohol As A Alcoholic Beverage Among The Greeks1965 Words   |  8 Pagesbible says love your enemy†Ã¢â‚¬â€Frank Sinatra. In chemistry, alcohol is any substance with sugars that have been fermented (Hirst). Alcohol has been a part of human history for an immense amount of time; evidence of an alcohol drink in China dates back to 7000 BCE (Hirst). Ancient Egyptians are cited as having had some form of alcohol (Hirst). Sura was a prominent Indian alcohol made from rice from 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE (Hirst). Babylonians had various alcohols and worshipped a goddess of wine and beer byRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pagesm ethodically ordered. Subjects which belong together are separated (e.g., the geographical sections on pp.171 ff. and 394 ff.), long, discursive definitions, appearing in unexpected places, further break the sequence (e.g., pp.78 and 343)-. and there is a great deal more to make the reader’s task more difficult. This manner of writing may well be intentional, whether to make the magical sections appear less suspect by interlarding them with theoretical passages, or to make certain doctrines seem less strangeRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesbook to emphasize these trends as they pertain to today’s and tomorrow’s international managers. For example, we continue to increase emphasis on emerging markets and the importance of now recognized global leaders such as Brazil, Russia, India, and China—the so-called â€Å"BRIC† economies—as well as the â€Å"second wave† emerging markets, such as Indonesia, Vietnam, a nd other countries in Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. We have also included the most current insightsRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 PagesRepublic of China Robert C. Clarke Naturetex International B.V. Van Diemenstraat 192 1013 CP Amsterdam The Netherlands Clarke, R.C. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2(2): 57, 60-65. This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation and traditional use in the Tai an District of Shandong Province in the People s Republic of China, and investigatesRead MoreTrung Nguyen Internation Business20210 Words   |  81 PagesFranchising. This solution seems to be a the most appropriate strategy for Trung Nguyen Company while go to Romania since it would contribute the highest product quality standard, the lowest investment capital and the best brand equity management (comparing to the rest 2 options: Joint Venture and Direct Ownership). Moreover, many marketing strategies for segmentation, targeting and positioning will be coming up next in order to support for the entry mode strategies and many sections above. Next, budget

The Emotional vs. Intellectual Growth of Children in Hard...

In Hard Times, Charles Dickens explores the importance of the developments of both intellect and emotions throughout a child’s upbringing. However, to an extent, Dickens emphasizes on the greater importance of emotional growth compared to intellectual growth; such as the much happier and more compassionate human being Sissy is compared to Louisa and Tom, whom have had all ‘fancy’ rooted out of their childhood. Furthermore, although Bitzer may not be unhappy in any way, he still lacks compassion and an understanding of emotions as a result of his education under Gradgrind’s â€Å"fact only† system. As such, the administrator of this system, Gradgrind, also lacks the ability to recognise emotion, and hence was unable to acknowledge his children’s†¦show more content†¦Even though she is aware of the reasons behind the way that she is, such is the impact that Gradgrind’s education on her that she has no means of comforting herself or repairing the damages that she has endured. Consequently, it has demonstrated the degree to which the failure of development of her emotions has affected Louisa and caused her young life to be filled with misery. Nevertheless, if Louisa hadn’t possessed her desire of emotions, the detrimental effects, that she is aware of, would be lessened a great deal. Bitzer undergoes the same figurative and factual education as Louisa and Tom, hence he too lacks the ability to identify with emotions. On the contrary, Bitzer did not possess the â€Å"inner fire† that Louisa had, and as a result did not feel that he had been repressed or miserable. He develops into a cold and heartless human being and has no compassion whatsoever for anyone or anything. Bitzer’s heart is â€Å"only accessible to reason† and he feels no need to thank his educator, Gradgrind, when is asked of him during Tom’s escape. Furthermore, Bitzer notes that his â€Å"schooling was paid for† and that when he graduated, â€Å"the bargain ended†. This emphasizes how in Bitzer’s mind, everything is determined upon figures and reason, and has no room for any sort of compassion. It is through Bitzer that Dickens demonstrates how even though on may not feel as though they are suffering from the lack of emotional growth, it is plain toS how MoreRelatedChild Observation 21391 Words   |  6 Pagesas they grow up the social emotional, physical and intellectual changes that occur in children between birth and the end of adolescence are that they all progress at individual intervals from dependency to increasing individualism. Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the built in parenting skills we all possess. When children are born they have no senseRead More First and Second Language Acquisition Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesFirst and Second Language Acquisition In our everyday lives, the origin of our ability to communicate is usually not often taken into consideration. One doesnt think about how every person has, or rather had at one time, an innate ability to learn a language to total fluency without a conscious effort – a feat that is seen by the scientific community as one of the many utterly unexplainable mysteries that beset us in our daily lives (3).. Other such mysteries include our bodys ability toRead MoreFactors Contributing Factors That Affect A Child s Ability1786 Words   |  8 Pagesfamilies. As a result, children in a low SES can suffer emotionally, physically, socially and academically. The American Psychology Association (2015) reports â€Å"children in the United States face one of the highest rates of poverty within the industrialized world†. Disproportion in wealth distribution, resources and quality of life is increasing around the world and is affecting the intellectual growth of our future generations (p.1). Regardless of their status, all children are to receive an equalRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Social Involvement Across The Entire Lifespan Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesplay a vital role during this time children’s lives. With social interactions, children start to mature sense of self-importance in their endeavors and skills. For the period of the industry versus inferiority stage, children become skillful at doing difficult tasks. When children become skillful they try to master any new skills that come their way. This stage is very important in the development of self-confidence. With school and other social activities, children get praised and attention forRead MoreMiddle Childhood : School Is A Pre Society2593 Words   |  11 PagesFrom the time we are born, we are continuously developing into socially acceptable boys and girls and down the line men and women. Every day is a journey to find our ideal selves, where we question our natural developmental stages and experi ment with them. We want our hair longer, our eyes lighter, and our feminine and masculine features to be more attractive to the opposite gender. We learn from others on television and in real life on how to socialize and be popular in order to fit into our structuralRead MoreBitstream Case Analysis1713 Words   |  7 Pages decision maker, convincing (strong sales background).  · Strong interpersonal and relationship building skills.  · Recruitment, training and development of staff and teams.  · Experience with startup or business development, growth, etc.  · Strategic planning and demonstrated ability to develop vision, goals, and applicable measures for a team The second set is based around the CEO desire to find someone who matches his and the firm’s management style and beliefs. TheseRead MoreFoundations of Education Study Guide1751 Words   |  8 Pagesschool in your lifetime? -Sex Education -Moral Values -Dress codes †¢ How easy it for us to change our basic value? -It’s not easy and it’s almost impossible because by the time youre a baby your surrounded by others moral character so it is extremely hard to change what you only know. †¢ According to the reading, what are the pros and cons of religion in the socialization process? -Pros: moral code unification -Cons: judgmentalRead MoreChild Development 1-199854 Words   |  40 Pages * Can stand without help, but cannot sit. 12 Months * Might crawl upstairs. * Can move and sidestep around furniture. * May stand alone for short periods of time. * Pulls self to a standing position from sitting, and can know sit back down instead of falling. * Sits unaided for longer periods of time. * May walk alone, but at this stage its preferred movement is crawling. At this stage of the child’s development they are extremely physically active; however they areRead MoreTransforming Life Stages and Special Needs Students3015 Words   |  13 PagesSpecial education students have a more difficult time transforming through the stages of the Life Span and Life Course Theories produced by Erik Erikson and Kohlberg, requiring extra help from teachers, parents, and volunteers who can provide the essential knowledge and positive examples. After knowing and understanding the theories produced by Kohlberg and Erikson researchers will have a better understanding of how humans develop and transform into new stages and what it takes for a person to moveRead MoreThe Role Of Juvenile Offenders Are Held Responsible For Their Crimes1968 Words   |  8 Pagescommitting the crime. If a teenager does not have the ability to plan ahead and intently commit the crime, then they are not guilty. In emotional contexts a teenager’s self-control is more severely restricted than at any other time in development. In middle adolescence reward-seeking systems are well developed but self-control systems are still developing. This is the time when teenagers commit the most crimes. Since the basis for these behaviours are biological it is not the teenagers fault, and the teenager

The Reflective Manager Free Essays

string(33) " reflection has been discovered\." The Reflective Manager Abstract Reflection and the effect of its application in relation to organization learning have attracted a growing attention. It is recognized that reflection is the vital content for either individuals or organizations learning process. It is believed that reflection is a very important component to accomplish successful working behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on The Reflective Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, reflection is the crucial practice in the process of exploiting learning organizations. In this report, the concepts of reflection and critical reflection will be discussed and the reflection in practice within organizations will be investigated as well. In addition, the emphasis of the article is the application of reflection and reflection practice on organizations. The objective of the report is to evaluate the application of reflection theory and to research what is the impact of practicing reflection on organizations. Keywords: Reflection, critical reflection, organization learning, working behavior, reflection practice Introduction More and more people nowadays pay their interest in the application reflection and critical reflection in an organization. The concepts of reflection and critical reflection are not specific but there are no common and recognized definition for reflection and critically reflection. Based on the purpose of investigation how reflection and practice reflection affect and enhance organizational activities and performance, reflection many general defined as the learning theories involve a review of one’s experience and an analysis of thinking and action while the description of critical reflection in accordance with recognizing one’s self objective and interests and learning about assumptions, background and performance enhanced oriented actions. As early as in 1983, Schon firstly brought the concept of reflection into the professional area and gave the definition of reflective practice said the application of knowledge to practice with the consideration of self-experiences. Reflection acts the most important role in converting one’s experience into knowledge according to Kolb’s research on experiential learning (Kolb, 1984). Reynolds pointed out in 1998 that form that time on, reflection was deemed to be the essential part in the process individual and organization learning, particularly when with reference to learning as exploitation rather than deriving information. The difference between information and knowledge is that knowledge is integrated information with experience, judgment and skills. Reflection persistently turns out as a recommended method of assisting individuals and organizations know better about what they do and understand in practice of the knowledge that learned from practice (Loughran, 2002). Reflective practice is a vital element of lots of occupations courses while the critical reflection currently becomes a pivotal component of lots of graduate managerial degrees (Swan, Bailey, 2004). Cunliffe stated that managers can exploit more cooperative, reliable moral approaches of management by more critically considering about their conception and action or in another words more critically reflection. It is believed that critical reflection is focused on more interest. The beginning of theory of critical reflection is developed by Jurgen in 1972. In 1999, Brooks stated that critical reflection benefits in enhancing work practices, assessing organizational objectives and policies. He pointed that the basic ability of critical reflection is to critically ask questions. The measurement of whether critical reflection benefit to working practice is a practical approach of evaluating the contribution of critical reflection. A means raised by Argyris and Schon that called double-loop learning offers such evaluation. It can be concluded by questioning critically, sating an opinion and requesting feedback from one’s audience, trying with new working approaches and action and taking new viewpoints. The contemporary collaborative has existed as the crucial way of working relations and acted as the major role in establishing society institution. The corporation between companies has reduced the influence of state, family residential and moral community in order to accomplish a dominant position. The growing influence of Commercial Corporation has restrained the conflicts among different institutional requirement. The practice of commercial corporation suffuse current life by offering individual identity, organizing experience and time, impacting knowledge creation and education and supervising news creation and recreation. Some authors argue that the influence of management on people’s lives and the impact in forming ethic, economic and environmental restrictions is generally too significant for their actions to be directed by a limited, helpful shape of justifiability (Alvesson and Willmott, 1992). Critical refection insists on facing the hided interests and ideologies and on exploring objectives of questions that contribute to message management thinking and activities. Critical reflection objects to the kinds of conceptions that cultivate the logical necessary of authoritarianism in organizations, the unchallenged value added to gain of economic and the conservation of unfair in treasure and right. Critical reflection challenges compliance to the concepts like unavoidable cost of improvement, general knowledge or reality argued by Collins in 1991. Education originations and individuals that deliberately retain ethically pauperized courses for managers as meriting of defiance and acting in contravention of ones’ self-interests should be criticized and noticed (Reed, Anthony, 1992). Reed and Antony insist that managerial teachers and organizations should encourage mangers to foster the awareness of difficulties that they encountered so as to help them be conscious of self-significance and self-responsibility. Mangers have to be stimulated to consider the uncontrollable sophistication that confronts them without colorable help of skills and objectives. The objective of reflection concerns with the investigation of impact of political and civilizational processes on development and learning being integrated into any kind of managerial education, particularly when authority and franchise are not distributed fairly. Since some people are continuously confront with contempt because of their gender, age and religion while policies of developing and practice are depended on some mechanical measurement, critical reflection should be applied in order to provide wise structure for tough these processes. Critical reflection offers the flexibility based on a more living analysis method. It is apprehensive if managerial education does not involve critical reflection. Reflective practices In order to investigate the impact of reflection on the connection between organization and learning various levels of reflective practice will be presented. The connection between practice and reflection has been discovered. You read "The Reflective Manager" in category "Papers" There were lots of existing trials to connect various kinds of reflection to organization learning. Mezirow described a detailed scheme that classifies seven levels of reflection. For instance, the first level is reflection form daily experience of one’s awareness of seeing, thinking and action while the last level is critical reflection form consciousness. Jarvis stated that the concept of Mozirow is restricted to the interpretation of individual, numinous conversion but not social transform although it is useful. Other authors stressed that the aim of reflection practice ought to have social activities although it is an in mind process (Kemmis 1985). Kemmis described reflection with three levels, the technical reflection, the practical reflection and finally the critical reflection. For the first level, the technical reflection is problem solving oriented with the process of selecting available approaches to accomplish certain result. For the second level, the practical reflection relates choose the correct and appropriate result. While for the third level, the critical reflection concerns the content of historical thought. It is said that the critical reflection offers the fundamental of a justice society. Similarly, Hindmarsh illustrated three levels of reflection to survey the graduates in transferring from students to occupation employment. Furthermore, to understand the previous reflection practice levels, take the technical reflection, the principle of this level is unquestioned. For instance, students may be required to finishing a specific studying styles questionnaire or the favorite list of the teaching group so as to develop lessons based on personal learning style. While for the practical reflection level, there is still no questioning at this level. For instance, a specific form of learning style may be selected for reason that its fundamental learning principle is sustaining of an organization atmosphere that the course is meant to improve. Finally, at the level of critical reflection, underlying conceptions that become the basis of learning style are suspected form an academic or ethical viewpoint. For instance, this kind of learning style may be selected from a way of comprehending distinction in learning methods and an option made based on more related to supportive research. Alternatively, both of these should be rejected for the consideration of its invalidation to interpret the impact on leaning method of age, gender or class and its original dependence on classing, enhances a possibly discriminatory method of being employing with personal difference. Take group work as an example of reflection practice, it was usually applied in managerial development to enhance combination and intimacy by concentrating basically on personal and interpersonal action, inspiring self-shown and an analysis of individual experience without any gregarious or civilizational interpretation. However, a more critical way can be used by offering a contextualized concentration and designing expositive structures which capacitate a gregarious and moral analysis. All of these examples have elucidated the three levels of reflection. Moreover, Russ and Vince described another three levels of reflection practice. The first level is the individual in an organization, the objective of reflection at this level is to discover and conclude the role than a person act and the organization that manage the presentation of the role. The concentrate on role provides chances for managers to understand the methods their jurisdiction is built and limited in an organization. A role offers the structure that person and organization satisfy. Although the transformation of self-experience declares the peculiarity of the individual, planting personal experience in the role stresses the relationship to the organization. It is not possible that reflection on one’s personal experience will create progress and learning itself. However, it is possible to remind conceptions or power connections into problem at the time when reflection is pursued based on relating person, one’s role and organization in one’s mind (Shapiro, Carr, 1991). The second level is team or sub system, the objective of reflection is to discover and absorb connections between the edges of other and self, and between the edges of branches. The concentrate is on the clannish procedure of belonging, describing, striving for democracy, and the straits concerned with traveling across the edges of various organizations. This provides chances for managers to get experience from the creation of governmental activity with mutual commitment or separation, via corporation and competition, and through organization meshwork or nations. This level of reflection is on sub systems which are usually operated within the branch. Within the entire organization, reflections of inter groups of sub systems are more collective which usually break the communication among different components. The third level of reflection is the entire organization, the objective of this reflection is to discover and absorb connections across inside and outside construction. It is in relation to the organizational action produced via personal and mutual authority and flectional experiences. The concentrate is on the process of systematism that the road to create an organization. The reflection at this level is to provide chances for managers to investigate aware and unaware flectional and governmental procedure that draw the organization characteristics. Reflection practice research on a company A company with an expectation of high economic growth and development in generally not likely to encounter commerce failure which produce seldom pressure on mangers. The organization seems not to be confronted with failure and risk and therefore managers are in an environment without risk awareness. Nowadays organizations unawares help to silent or unconfident managers that are afraid of failure and risk hence segregate themselves in a self-empire. In order to deal with such organizational issues, the company has raised an idea of organization learning and learning organization. For example, the staff of the company can profit from training and learning during working. This kind of learning is covered to the entire company and that has affected on its working teams. It leads to the company an improvement in workers attitude and practice as well which indicates the organization is learning. While on account of personal learning all over the company, the influence on the company itself is therefore organization learning. For the company the organizing learning process is hard rather than personal learning. The process is designed started with the creation of the initiative of ‘rebuilt the company’ and hence inspires lots of staff’s enthusiasm. However, new entry employees met the barriers from the power relations like some senior managers which brought some disappointment that resulted in the failure implement of the initiative. Then the company raised a democratic reflection process objected to change the situation, which removed the rooted authority relationships that define the organization. The difficulties the company encountered in learning and change results from managers’ personal cognition of reflection, and the comprehensive organizational dynamic via which these cognitions are produced and enhanced. The personal viewpoints of managers about reflection relates in reality contains keeping away from what is occurring, reconsidering about what was finished and investigating individual thought. The point of reflection is on assessing something from past but not within the present. To conclude, the reflection practice within the company is supposed to be an individual responsibility. It can be described as the work of managers, whether the manager is free so as to consider about the problem or issue and which way the manager sued to deal with the problem. Although these individual reflections from managers can create growth and change for the company, it is the organization success form individual. One failure aspect for the company is that it is lack of the ability to produce a process of organization reflection which will raise the progress from individual to organizational. The limitation of the learning ability for the company should be broken by developing the ability of reflection to an organization level. Conclusions This report has an overview of how the application reflection and reflections practice are encouraged and benefit to the organizations for learning, change and critical. In general, the main conclusion is that reflection and reflection practice are the essential components of individual learning and organizational learning and are aspects of competitively advantages. In this report, the concept of reflection has been discussed on the basis of some literature review, and the distinction between reflection and critical reflection has been compared as well. In the section of reflection practice, the report has presented some different description about the levels of reflection practice. In spite of these arguments, reflection practice may be classified from individual oriented to organizational reflection. Reflection is action in mind with the objective of investigating one’s action in a certain situation. It is said that within organization, good staffs are those who are critical reflective. However, with the examination on individual reflection and organization reflection, it shows that there is a difference between them. According to the example given in the previous paragraph, the company relied on individual ability of reflection can be shifted to be depended on the organizational ability of reflection so as to enhance the ability of learning and changing for the organization. In a word, reflection can benefit to either individual learning or organizing learning but organizations should make more effort to shift the reflection levels so as to get competence and advantage in the global commerce environment. References 1. Argyris, C. and Scho? n, D. A. (1996), Organizational Learning II. Theory, Method, and Practice, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, NY. 2. Alvesson, M,, Willmott, H, (1996), Making sense of management: A critical introduction. London: Sage, 3. Cunliffe, A, L, (2004), On becoming a critically reflexive practitioner. Journal of Management Education, 28(4), 407-426, 4. Feminisms and Critical Pedagogy. New York: Routledge. McClaren, P. L. (1987) `Education as Counter Discourse: Towards a Critical Pedagogy of Hope’, The Review of Education 13 (1): 58-68. 5. Hoyrup, S. (2004). Reflection as a core process in organisational learning. The Journal of Workplace Learning, 16 (8) pp. 442-454. 6. Kemmis, S. (1985). Action research and the politics of reflection. In D. Boud, R. Keogh, ; D. Walker (Eds. ), Reflection: Turning experience into leaming (pp. 139-163). London: Kogan Page. 7. Kolb, D. A. (1984) Experiential Learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kosmidou, C. and Usher, R. (1992) `Experiential Learning and the Autonomous Subject’, in D. Wildermeersch and T. Jansen (eds) Adult Education, Experiential Learning and Social Change. Amsterdam: VUGA/Uitgeverij BV. 8. Loughran, J. J. (2002). Effective reflective practice: In search of meaning in leaming about teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53, 33-43. 9. Mezirow, J. (1981) ‘A Critical Theory of Adult Learning and Education’, Adult Education 32: 3-24. 10. Steen, H (2004) The Journal of Workplace Learning Vol. 16 No. 8, 2004 pp. 442-454 ‘Reflection as a core process in organisational learning’. 11. Woerkom, M. , Nijhof, W. , Nieuwenhuis, L. (2002). Critical reflective behaviour: a survey research. Journal of European Industrial Training 26 (8) pp. 375-383. How to cite The Reflective Manager, Essays

Learning Teams Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Describe your selected organisation and a major alteration or outside challenge it has faced. 2. Describe how your selected organisations communicating policies. or lack thereof. impact its ability to cover with the selected alteration or challenge. 3. List any research inquiries or concerns that you have sing your subject. This should include any jobs ( e. g. . proficient. ethical ) that you might hold showing on the subject you have chosen. In developing your sum-up it is of import to maintain in head that you will finally hold to turn to at least three of the common features below most influenced by communicating within the chosen organisation. 1. System ( e. g. . single units. unfastened. closed ) 4. Rules/norms ( e. g. . written. unwritten. formal. informal )5. Hierarchy ( e. g. . concatenation of bid. supervisor. decision maker. director ) 6. Communication webs ( e. g. . formal. informal )7. Organizational orientation ( e. g. . accomplishment. bigotry. dictatorship ) 8. Leadership attack ( Es ) ( e. g. . societal. undertaking. balanced )9. Management communication/decision-making ( e. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning Teams Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page g. . state. sell. consult. articulation ) Due WEEK FOUR—fINAL Learning Team Presentation Outline and Visual Aids Submit A FORMAL TWO-PAGE PRESENTATION ( SPEECH ) OUTLINE ( SEE EXAMPLE ON PAGE 1. 521 OF THE GREG REFERENCE MANUAL ) WHICH INCLUDES AT LEAST ONE SEPARATE VISUAL AID IN ADDITION TO POWERPOINT ® . THE FORMAL PRESENTATION OUTLINE SHOULD INCLUDE AN Opening. TOPIC LIST. TRANSITIONS. A Shutting. ETC. IN ADDITION TO VISUAL AIDS. Due WEEK FIVE—fINAL learning TEAM paper AND presentation 1. FINAL LEARNING TEAM PAPERUsing the same organisation and alteration that you selected for your Final Learning Team Paper Summary and References assignment. fix a 3. 150 to 3. 500-word paper in which you discuss the function of organisational communicating in alteration direction. In your paper be certain to turn to the undermentioned points: a. Briefly describe the selected organisation and alteration. B. Identify at least three of the undermentioned features most influenced by communicating within your selected organisation: 1 ) System ( e. g. . single units. unfastened. closed )2 ) Rules/norms ( e. g. . written. unwritten. formal. informal )3 ) Hierarchy ( e. g. . concatenation of bid. supervisor. decision maker. director ) 4 ) Communication webs ( e. g. . formal. informal )5 ) Organizational orientation ( e. g. . accomplishment. bigotry. dictatorship ) 6 ) Leadership attack ( Es ) ( e. g. . societal. undertaking. balanced )7 ) Management communication/decision-making ( e. g. . state. sell. consult. articulation ) c. Analyze the impact of the alteration on organisational communicating. 1 ) Discuss the manner in which your selected organization’s directors and leaders responded to the alteration. 2 ) Measure the communicating schemes that were used to pass on the alteration to the organisation. 3 ) Identify at least two barriers to effectual communicating that exist within your selected organisation and discuss schemes to get the better of these barriers. d. Determine the extent to which power. political relations. and struggle impacted organisational communicating within your selected organisational communicating productiveness of your selected organisation. Answers to some of the inquiries presented below might be added content to your paper: a. What were the barriers to effectual communicating within this organisation? e. How did the directors and leaders cause or respond to the major crisis. struggle. or alter? What was the specific impact on the organisational communicating within the organisation as a consequence of these direction determinations? f. What were some of the defective organisational communicating schemes which caused the major crisis. struggle. or alter? What constructive organisational communicating schemes were subsequently employed? g. Which organisational subjects were most affected by the major crisis. struggle. or alter? What would you urge to increase the productiveness and communicating effectivity of these organisational subjects? h. How did power. political relations. and conflict drama a portion in the crisis or alteration within in this organisation? Identify your ain solutions and schemes for bettering org anisational communicating productiveness. 10. FINAL LEARNING TEAM PRESENTATIONFix a 10 to 15 infinitesimal unwritten presentation accompanied by 8 to 14 Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® slides exemplifying your Final Learning Team Paper. Online Campus pupils will subject an 8 to 14 slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation with presenter notes to the Assignment newsgroup.

My God-Given Right by Helloween free essay sample

Suprised to say this is my first time talking about this band at all. Helloween is a power metal band that have been around since the early 80s and come from Germany. Since then, they have had some highlights in their career such as the Keeper of The Seven Keys series, Seven Sinners, and Walls of Jericho to name a few. They have also managed to span many great bands like Blind Guardian, Edguy, Unisonic, Gamma Ray and many others mostly from their home country. This is their most recent album and unlike the others, it incorporates some elements of heavy metal thats probably a bit of a throwback to their old days of Jericho and Seven Keys 1 and 2. Continuing with the Michael Kiske era of Helloween this is a hit or miss to many fans. Heck, The Metal Voice, who are big fans of Helloween, thought it was meh at best. We will write a custom essay sample on My God-Given Right by Helloween or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As for me, I can see why some people wouldnt like it even though its a slight change in direction, but referencing groups like Iron Maiden, Accept and Judas Priest is always good to do at least once am I right? Ive noticed this albums likes to deal with politics which is a topic that you wouldnt expect a power metal band to cover. This seems to be especially true with tracks like My God-Given Right, Russian Roule, and Lost In America.I still can see some problems though, like repetitive drumming, some of the lyrics are a bit cheesy and maybe they couldve focused less heavily on the heavy metal side of them but thats just me. While they didnt reach their highest potential here, they still have enough to be good. You really just cant top the classics. I give this an 8/10. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Kangaroo Facts

Kangaroo Facts Kangaroos are marsupials that are indigenous to the Australian continent. Their scientific name, Macropus, is derived from two Greek words meaning long foot (makros pous). Their most distinctive characteristics are their large hind legs, long feet, and large tail. Kangaroos are unique in that they are the only animals of their size that use hopping as their primary means of movement. Fast Facts: Kangaroo Scientific Name: MacropusCommon Names: Kangaroo, RooOrder: DiprotodontiaBasic Animal Group: MammalsDistinguishing Characteristics: Large hind legs, long feet, large tail and pouch (females)Size: 3 - 7 feet in heightWeight: 50 - 200 poundsLife Span: 8 - 23 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Forests, plains, savannas, and woodlands in Australia and TasmaniaPopulation: Approximately 40 - 50 millionConservation Status: Least concernFun Fact: Like camels, kangaroos may go for periods of time without drinking water. Description Kangaroos are best known for their powerful hind legs, their large feet, and their long powerful tails. They use their legs and feet to hop around, which is their basic means of locomotion, and their tails for balance. Like other marsupials, females have a permanent pouch for raising their young.  A kangaroos pouch is technically called a marsupium and it performs a number of functions. The female kangaroos breasts, which she uses to nurse her young, are inside her pouch. The pouch also functions similarly to an incubator to allow a joey (baby) to fully develop. Lastly, the pouch has a safety function in that it helps to protect the females young from predators.   Kangaroos are usually between 3 to 7 feet in height. They can weigh up to approximately 200 pounds. Other physical characteristics of kangaroos are their relatively small heads with their large, round ears. Due to their hopping ability, they can leap over long distances. Some males may leap to almost 30 feet in one leap. Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Murramarang National park, New South Wales, Australia.   J and C Sohns/Getty Images Plus Habitat and Distribution Kangaroos live in Australia, Tasmania, and surrounding islands in a variety of habitats such as forests, woodlands, plains, and savannas. Depending on the species, kangaroos occupy different niches in the ecosystem. Diet and Behavior Kangaroos are herbivores and their diet consists mainly of a variety of plants such as grasses, shrubs and flowers. Some species may also eat fungi and moss. Kangaroos live in groups called mobs, also known as troops or herds. These mobs are usually headed by the dominant male in the group.   Similar to cows, kangaroos may regurgitate their food to chew it as cud and then swallow once more. This behavior is much rarer in kangaroos than in ruminant animals. Kangaroo stomachs differ from those of cows and similar animals; while both kangaroos and cows have chambered stomachs, the fermentation process in their respective stomachs is different. Unlike cows, the process in kangaroos doesnt produce as much methane, so kangaroos dont contribute as much to methane emissions globally as cows. Kangaroos are usually active at night and in the early morning hours, but their overall activity pattern is varied. Their rest periods are restricted almost exclusively to a diurnal (during the day) pattern. Similar to camels, they may go for periods of time without drinking water due to their relative inactivity during the day when it is hotter. Since their diet consists of plants, their water needs can be largely satisfied by the water content present in the plants that they eat. Reproduction and Offspring Eastern Grey Kangaroo with Joey in Pouch.   Gary Lewis/Photolibrary/Getty Images Plus Kangaroos have a varied breeding season. Reproduction takes place all year long, but the Australian summer months of December to February are the most common. Male kangaroos may flex their muscles to attract females and can fight for the right to breed with females. Females usually produce one baby kangaroo, called a joey. After becoming impregnated, a kangaroo will have her baby after a gestation period of a little longer than a month (approximately 36 days). The baby joey weighs about .03 of an ounce and is less than one inch in length when born, about the size of a grape. After birth, the joey will use its forelimbs to travel through its mothers fur to her pouch, where it will remain for the first few months of its life. After five to nine months, depending on the species, the joey will typically leave the pouch for brief periods of time. After about nine to eleven months, the joey will leave its mothers pouch for good. Females can enter heat after giving birth, so they may become pregnant while a joey is still nursing in her pouch. The developing baby will enter a dormant state that coincides with their older sibling leaving the mothers pouch. When the older sibling leaves the pouch, the mothers body will send hormonal signals to the developing baby so that it will resume its development. A similar process occurs if the mother is pregnant and the older joey dies in her pouch. Conservation Status Kangaroos are designated as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Their population is very abundant and by most estimates, there are more kangaroos in Australia than people. Estimates range from a population of 40 to 50 million kangaroos, which continues to increase. Humans are the main threat to kangaroos since they are hunted for both their meat and their hides. Humans can also contribute to the loss of kangaroo habitat due to land clearing for development. Predator threats include dingos and foxes. Kangaroos use their teeth, claws, and strong hind legs as defense mechanisms against such predators. Species There are four major species of kangaroos. The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) is the largest. Males of the species have red/brown fur. Other species include the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus), and the antilopine kangaroo (Macropus antilopinus). The eastern grey kangaroo is the second largest species and is known as the great grey species, while the western grey kangaroo is also known as the black-faced kangaroo due to its distinctive facial coloring. The antilopines name means antelope-like and they are found in northern Australia. Some scientists consider there to be six species of kangaroo, including two species of wallaroo (Macropus robustus and Macropus bernardus). Wallaroos are considered to be closely related to both wallabies and kangaroos. Herd of kangaroos at twilight (Coombabah Lake, QLD, Australia).    Kangaroos and Humans Humans and kangaroos have a long and varied interaction pattern with one another. Humans have long used kangaroos for food, clothing, and some types of shelter. Due to their increasing numbers, kangaroos can be viewed as pests, particularly by farmers when kangaroos compete for grazing land. Kangaroos are often present in grasslands and areas that are typical farmland so resource competition may take place. Kangaroos are not typically aggressive when grazing. The situation of farmers seeing kangaroos as pests is similar to how many in the United States may see deer as pests. Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Kangaroo. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 11 Oct. 2018, www.britannica.com/animal/kangaroo.â€Å"Kangaroo Facts!† National Geographic Kids, 23 Feb. 2017, www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/animals/general-animals/kangaroo-facts/.â€Å"Kangaroo Mob.† PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 21 Oct. 2014, www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/kangaroo-mob-kangaroo-fact-sheet/7444/.â€Å"Kangaroo Reproduction.† Kangaroo Facts and Information, www.kangarooworlds.com/kangaroo-reproduction/.

Caffeine affects blood pressure Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Caffeine affects blood pressure - Term Paper Example It is categorized as a psychoactive drug, but its consumption is legal. The substance has several pharmacological actions peripherally and also centrally. It is an antagonist of adenosine, a neuromodulator, blocking the actions of adenosine which are inhibitory (Hartley et al, 2001). Thus, caffeine has a stimulatory effect on the central nervous system. Typical doses of caffeine in day to day consumption are less than 500mg, while the toxic doses are more than 10 grams (James, 2004). Consumption of caffeine can have both negative and positive side effects and is predominantly individual and dose based. Positive effects include protection against Parkinson's disease. Negative side effects include disruption of sleep, elevated blood pressure and elevated heart rate. Caffeine effects on blood pressure are a much controversial topic and several studies have been conducted to ascertain its role in elevating blood pressure and contribution to cardiovascular disease. This effect merits impo rtance, because caffeine is consumed by many people worldwide and this includes populations who have hypertension. In this essay, the effects of caffeine on blood pressure will be discussed. Discussion Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist. Adenosine is a neuromodulator and inhibition of adenosine causes increased activity of various other hormones like adrenaline, dopamine, cortisol and endorphins. At higher doses, caffeine can also cause inhibition of GABA neurotransmission leading to insomnia, anxiety and increased respiratory rate and heart rate. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier readily because it is water soluble. In the brain, it acts as a non-selective adenosine antagonist because of its structural similarity to adenosine (Dunwiddie and Masino, 2001). Some studies have shown that administration of caffeine in doses comparable to those consumed everyday can lead to acute elevation in blood pressure by 5-15 mmHg of systolic pressures and 5-10mmHg of diasto lic pressures (James, 2004).. The effects pertaining to elevated blood pressures can last several hours in both sexes and in individuals of all age groups. Another important finding in these studies is the fact that the effect is additive to that caused by other factors like smoking and stress. Effect of caffeine on blood pressure varies from individual to individual and elevations in blood pressure may be an individual susceptibility. Individuals who already have hypertension or borderline hypertension may be even more susceptible. Caffeine can also have synergistic action on blood pressure in times of psychological stress exaggerating the increase in blood pressure. Thus, indirectly caffeine can contribute to cardiovascular disease (James, 2004). One interesting aspect is that the effects on blood pressure are inversely proportional to the number of portions consumed on a particular day. For instance, the initial portion of caffeine produces the greatest hemodynamic effect when co mpared to later portions (James, 2004). According to a study by James (2004), there is extensive evidence over the fact that consumption of caffeine in dietary doses increases blood pressure. However, it is unclear whether this has an impact on cardiovascular disease because habitual use of caffeine leads to tolerance and epidemiologic findings regarding the impact of caffeine on cardiovascular disease is confusing. . Several experimental and epidemiologic studies have proven the impact of dietary caffeine on blood

The military, political and social importance of the castle in King Essay

The military, political and social importance of the castle in King Stephen's reign - Essay Example own territories from the rivals, both Matilda supporters and King’s force started establishing fortifications on their own style of motte, bailey designs and fen-edge castles. â€Å"Meanwhile in England both parties were compelled to keep armed forces permanently in strong castles, if necessary building new castles or increasing the fortifications of old ones.†1 In the period of King Stephen various new fortifications were established and the existing ones were reconstructed. Stone built castles played a major role in the military and political spheres of the country. â€Å"Developments in castle-building certainly did not arise from the exigencies of war but to provide an appropriate lordly residence – offering security, not terror, to dependents.†2 Royal castles were built to maintain and control the township and the forests while the baronial castles were used by the lords in controlling their widespread territories and estates. In addition, the authori ties also excised power over baronial castles and placed restrictions on its construction. The baronial castles, of that time were considered as a threat to the public, due to their extensive control over the land and people, and so it was curbed by the monarchic authority by the castle policies and forfeitures. â€Å"There was a distinct ‘Angevin castle policy’ under which, by a careful strategy of building and forfeiture, the ratio of royal to baronial castles was altered to enhance royal power over that of the aristocracy.†3 It was during the period of King Stephen that these numerous castle building created a greater chaos to the social life of the people. The society was greatly affected with the castle-building of the powerful people. This included the ‘adulterine castles that are so prominent both in... The researcher states that in the period of King Stephen various new fortifications were established and the existing ones were reconstructed. Stone built castles played a major role in the military and political spheres of the country. â€Å"Developments in castle-building certainly did not arise from the exigencies of war but to provide an appropriate lordly residence – offering security, not terror, to dependents.† Royal castles were built to maintain and control the township and the forests while the baronial castles were used by the lords in controlling their widespread territories and estates. In addition, the authorities also excised power over baronial castles and placed restrictions on its construction. The baronial castles, of that time were considered as a threat to the public, due to their extensive control over the land and people, and so it was curbed by the monarchic authority by the castle policies and forfeitures. â€Å"There was a distinct ‘Ange vin castle policy’ under which, by a careful strategy of building and forfeiture, the ratio of royal to baronial castles was altered to enhance royal power over that of the aristocracy.† It was during the period of King Stephen that these numerous castle building created a greater chaos to the social life of the people. The society was greatly affected with the castle-building of the powerful people. This included the ‘adulterine castles that are so prominent both in modern times as well as in the chronicles which is probably considered as the root of all the evils of the reign.

Mis-wanting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mis-wanting - Assignment Example The market for weight loss programs, skinny diets and slimming pills is so huge that you can easily purchase anything that can help you lose those extra pounds at almost everywhere. Because of this brainwashing, most women are convinced that they will be completely happy if they will look like those model-like figures on TV and would even venture with non-healthy regimens to attain this. However, most of the people I know who underwent the same dilemma during their teens soon realized that they can still be happy even if they are fat. Some were even unsatisfied with their lives after reaching their target weight. According to Gilbert & Wilson, â€Å"We may misconstrue events, misunderstand ourselves misinterpret our feelings – and any of these mistakes can be a cause of miswanting.† (p. 194). And so we must take into consideration that true happiness and satisfaction can be achieved by simply having the things that will holistically improve our sense of self-worth and c ontentment. What we want to become in the future might not necessarily bring us bliss thus we should be grateful of whatever fate gives us and try to find light in every

The Power Asymmetry In Qualitative Research Interviews English Language Essay

The Power Asymmetry In Qualitative Research Interviews English Language Essay The books in The Sage Qualitative Research Kit have been written with the needs of many different types of readers in mind. As such, the Kit and the individual books will be of use to a wide variety of users: Practitioners of various research, University teachers and Undergraduate and graduate students. Each book of the Kit has been written by a distinguished author with extensive experience in their field and in the practice with methods they write about. Doing interviews addresses the theoretical, epistemological, ethical and practical issues of interviewing people about specific issues or their life story. There are two other books about interviewing, they approach the subject in a much more detailed and focuses way for the specific method. Interviews are one of the major approaches in collecting data in qualitative research. There are variety ways of how to do interviews and what to do after the interview has been done. Doing interviews comes with specific needs of increasing the interview quality in general and its validity in particular and finally of reporting what was said and how it was analyzed. 1. Introduction to interview research Three interview sequences Conversation is a basic mode of human interaction. Through conversations we get to know other people, get to learn about their experiences, feelings and hopes and the world they live in. In an interview it is the same, except the researcher asks and listens to the people. The research interview is an interview where knowledge is constructed in the interaction between in the interviewer and the interviewee. Trough various sequences the writer is explaining that there are three forms of interviewing. A rather simple form of straightforward questioning contrast with the reciprocity of everyday conversations. The interviewer is in a power position and sets the stage by determining the topic of the interchange; it is the interviewer who asks and the interviewee who answers. The qualitative interview is a key venue for exploring the ways in which subjects experience and understand their world. Interview research in history and in the social sciences The term interview is of recent origin; it came into use in the seventeenth century. An interview is literally an inter-view. An interchange of views between two persons conversing about a theme of common interest. Systematic literature on research interviewing is a new phenomenon of the last few decades. Qualitative interviews have, previously been extensively employed in the social sciences. With education and health sciences, the interview has become a common research method in the last few decades. Quality methods, ranging form participant observation over interview to discourse analysis, have since the 1980s become key methods of social research. Technical, epistemological and cultural reasons may be suggested for the growing use of qualitative research interviews. The availability of small portable tape records in the 1950s made the exact recording of interviews easy. In the 1980s, computer programs facilitated the qualitative analyses of transcribed interviews. Interviews have also become part of the common culture. Methodological and ethical issues The interview is a conversation that has a structure and a purpose determined by the one part, the interviewer. The qualitative research interview is a construction site for knowledge. A semi-structures life-world interview will be in focus of the book. It is defined as an interview with the purpose of obtaining descriptions of the life world of the interviewee with respect to interpreting the meaning of the describes phenomena. To have an interview a good preparation will be needed. The interview is a powerful method of producing knowledge of the human situation. 2. Epistemological issues of interviewing Mode of understanding in a qualitative research interview A semi -structured life-world interview attempts to understand themes of the lived daily world for the subjects own perspectives. It comes close to an everyday conversation but as a professional interview it has a purpose and it involves a specific approach and technique. The interview is a uniquely sensitive and powerful method for capturing the experiences and lived meanings of the subjects everyday world and it allow the subject tot convoy their situation from their own perspective and in their own words. An interview seeks to understand the meaning of central themes of the subjects lived world. It is necessary to listen to the explicit description and to the meaning expressed, as well as to what is said between the lines. In qualitative interviews, precision in description and stringency in meaning interpretation correspond to exactness in quantitative. The qualitative interviewer encourage the subject tot describe as precisely as possible what they experience and feel. The qualitative interview attempts to obtain descriptions that are as comprehensive and presupposition less as possible of important themes of the interviewees life world. The interviewer should be curious, sensitive to what is said, as well as to what is not said, and critical. The focus of the interview is on particular themes: it is neither strictly structures with standard questions, nor entirely non-directive. The task of the interviewer is to clarify, as far as possible, whether the ambiguities and contradictory statements are due to a failure of communication in the interview situation. Power asymmetry in qualitative research interviews The research interview is a specific professional conversation with a clear power asymmetry between the researcher and the subject: The interview entails an asymmetrical power relation; The interview is a one-way dialogue; The interview is an instrumental dialogue; The interview may be a manipulative dialogue; The interviewer had a monopoly of interpretation; Counter-control, subjects may hold information; Exceptions. Research interviews between a philosophical dialogue and a therapeutic interview The qualitative research interview has affinities to philosophical dialogues as well as to therapeutic interviews, but follows neither the relentless intellectual reasoning of the former nor the close personal interaction of the latter. Professional interviews, such as a therapeutic interview, a job interview or a legal interrogation, are characterized by a focus on the dynamics of interaction between interviewer and interviewee, a methodological awareness of question forms and a critical attention to what is said. The therapeutic sequence indicates the possibilities for research interviewers to learn from the techniques developed within the therapeutic profession, while also demonstrating differences between therapeutic and research interviews. The interviewer as a miner or as a traveler Two contrasting metaphors of the interviewer, as a miner or as a traveler, may illustrate the different epistemological conceptions of interviewing as a process of knowledge collection or as a process of knowledge construction, respectively. In a miner metaphor, knowledge is understood as buried metal and the interviewer is a miner who unearths the valuable metal. The knowledge is waiting in the subjects interior to be uncovered, uncontaminated by the miner. An alternative traveler metaphor understands the interviewer as a traveler on a journey to a distant country that leads to a table to be told upon returning home. The interview traveler walks along with the local inhabitants, asks questions and encourages them tot tell their own stories of their lived world. Epistemological conceptions of interview knowledge The elimination of the hum factor in research, key aspects of the mode of understanding in qualitative research interviews appear as methodological sources of error, to a philosophy of sciences. In a postmodern approach the qualitative research interview appears as a construction site of knowledge. The knowledge generated by interviews is in line with key features of a postmodern conception of knowledge, such as the conversational, the narrative, the linguistic, the contextual and interrelational nature of knowledge. With a decline of modern universal system of knowledge, the local, manifold and changing language contexts come into prominence. In a postmodern epistemology the certainty of our knowledge is less a matter of interaction with a non-human reality than a matter of conversation between persons. 3. Ethical issues of interviewing Interviewing as a moral inquiry An interview inquiry is a moral enterprise. Moral issues concern the means as well as the ends of interviews. The human interaction in the interview affects the interviewees and the knowledge produces by an interview inquiry affects our understanding of the human condition. Consequently, interview research is saturated with moral and ethical issues. Ethical issues throughout an interview inquiry Ethical issues go through the entire process of an interview investigation, and potential ethical concerns should be taken into consideration form the very start of an investigation and up to the final report. Ethical guidelines Professional ethical codes serve as contexts for reflection on the specific ethical decisions throughout an interview inquiry. Figure 1 outlines issues raised by these ethical guidelines in the form of questions, which interviewers may ask them before embarking on an interview journey. Figure 1. Informed consent entails informing the research about the overall purpose of the investigation and the main feature of the design, as well as of possible risks and benefits from participation in the research project. This raises the issue of how informed consent can be handled in exploratory interview studies, where the investigators themselves will have little advance knowledge of how the interview will proceed. The interviewees should always be informed about the purpose and the procedure of the interview. Confidentiality in research implies that private data identifying the subject will not be reported, otherwise the subject need to agree on the release of identifiable information. In extreme cases, protecting confidentiality can raise serious legal problems. The consequences of an interview study need to be addressed with respect to possible harm to the subjects as well as to the expected benefits of participating in the study. The ethical principle of beneficence means that the risk of harm to a subject should be the least possible. The researcher as a person is critical for the quality of the scientific knowledge and for the soundness of ethical decisions in an interview inquiry. Moral research behavior involves more than ethical knowledge and cognitive choices. The integrity of the researcher, his or her knowledge, experience, honesty and fairness, is the decisive factor. 4. Planning an interview study Seven stages of an interview inquiry No standard procedures or rules exits for conducting a research interview or an entire interview investigation. There are standard choices of methods at the different stages of an interview investigation. The quality of an interview study to a large extent rests on the craftsmanship of the researcher. The term unstandardized pertains to the interview situation, but an entire interview investigation had often tended to be a rather standardized affair, going through five emotional phases of hardships. Anti-positivist enthusiasm phase; The interview-quoting phase; The working phase of silence; The aggressive phase of silence; The final phase of exhaustion. These descriptions are based upon observation of colleagues and students undertaking interview projects. The seven stage of an interview inquiry are: Thematizing Designing Interviewing Transcribing Analyzing Verifying Reporting Through these stages an interview study will be developed and ends with the reporting. The emotional dynamics of an interview study are related tot these seven stages. Thematizing an interview study Thematizing refers to the formulation of research questions and a theoretical clarification of the theme investigated. The key questions when planning an interview investigation concern the why, what and how of the interview. Thematizing an interview study involves clarifying the purpose of the study, the why question. Interviews can have explorative or hypothesis-testing purposes. An exploratory interview is usually open with little pre-planned structure. Interviews that test hypotheses tend to be more structured. Interviews can also being used to inductively develop an empirically grounded theory, or as background material for further practical and theoretical studies. The thematic understanding of the topic if the study, the what, will further provides a ground for the how of the study: the many decisions on method that must be made on the way. The thematic focus of a project influences what aspects of subject matter the questions centre upon, and which aspects remain in the background. Familiarly with the local situation may also sensitize tot local ethic-political issues of the community, which need to be taken into account when interviewing and reporting the interviews. Designing an interview study Designing an interview study involves planning the procedures and techniques, the how of the study. The temporal dimension of an interview investigation should be kept in mind from the first thematizing to the final reporting stage, taking into account the interdependence of the seven stages. Overview, interdependence, push forward, spiraling backwards, keep the end point in sight, getting wiser and work-journal are all key factors of an interview inquiry. The number of subjects to interview necessary depends on the purpose of a study. In common interviews, the amount of interviews trends to be around 15. This number may be due to a combination of the time and resources available for the investigation and a law of diminishing returns. The method may be understood in a broad sense, like the way to the goal. A method is a set of rules, which can be used in a mechanical way to realize a given aim. Within such a formal rule conception of method, the qualitative research interview, where knowledge is produced trough the personal interaction between interviewer and interviewee, is clearly not a scientific method. Interviewing may be regarded less as a method following explicit rules than pragmatically as a craft, where the quality of knowledge produced by the interview rests upon the subject matter knowledge and the craftsmanship of the interviewer. Learning to interview is to arrive at a transparency of the techniques and tools. 5. Conducting an interview Setting the interview stage The setting of the interview stage should encourage the interviewees to describe their points of view on the topic. The first minutes of an interview are decisive. The interview should be introduced by a briefing in which the interviewer is defines the situation for the subject, briefly tells about the purpose of the interview, the use of a tape recorder and ask if the subjects has any questions before starting the interview. The initial briefing should be followed up by a debriefing after the interview. Scripting the interview An interview guide is a script that structures the course of the interview more or less tightly. The guide may merely contain some topics to be covered or it can be a detailed sequence of carefully worded questions. Interviews differ in their openness of purpose; the interviewer can explain the purpose and pose direct questions from the start, or can adopt a roundabout approach, with indirect questions, and reveal the purpose only when the interview is over. Thematically the questions relate to the what of an interview, to the theoretical conceptions of the research topic, and to the subsequent analysis of the interview. Dynamically the questions pertain tot the how of an interview; they should promote a positive interaction, keep the flow of the conversation going, and stimulate the subjects to talk about their experiences and feelings. The interviewer should also try to keep in mind the later analysis, verification and reporting to the interviews. Interviewers who know what they are asking about and why they are asking, will attempt to clarify the meanings relevant to the project during the interview. Active listing, the interviews ability to listen actively to what the interviewee says, is as important as the specific mastery of questioning techniques. That is why researcher questions need to translated to interviewer questions, figure 2 Figure 2 6. Interview variations Interview subjects Different issues will raise by different populations when the focus is on cross-cultural interviews, interviews with men, women and with children. In a cross-cultural interview it is difficult to become aware of the multitude of cultural factors that affect the relationship between interviewer and interviewee. In a foreign culture an interviewers needs time to establish a familiarity with the new culture and learn some of the many verbal and non-verbal factors where interviewer in a foreign culture may go amiss. Also with children the approach for an interview needs to be different. Interview forms A variety of research forms, useful for different purpose, exist. With the broad variety of interview forms and subjects it becomes understandable that there are no general standard procedures and rules for research interview. There is no correct or ideal interview form. Qualitative interviews do not only focus on the interviewees own perspectives and meanings. Obtaining valid factual information may be crucial in many interviews. In other situates, when interviewing for the oral history of a community, the focus will be less on the storytellers own perspective upon the events recounted, than on his or her stories as venues to reliable information about a collective past. Some experiments may serve interviewers as a reminder to be extremely careful in wording their questions when interviewing for factual information. Confrontational interviews though we did not seek to impose our ideas on those with whom we talked, †¦we did attempt to uncover assumptions, to make explicit what the person we were talking to might have left implicit (Bellah et al., 1985, p 304) In addition to a prevalent empathetic and consensual interview form, the more active confrontational and agonistic styles of interviewing may also produce valuable knowledge. 7. Interview quality Interview qualifications The interviewer is the key research instrument of an interview inquiry. A good interviewer knows the topic of the interview, masters conversational skills and is proficient in language, with an ear for his or her subjects linguistic style. The interviewer must continually make on-the-spot decisions about what to ask and how; which aspects of subjects answer to follow up, and which not, which answers to comment and interpret, and which not. The interviewer should have a sense for good stories and be able to assist the subjects in the unfolding of their narratives. Leading questions It is a well-documented finding that a slight rewording of a question in a questionnaire or in the interrogation of eyewitness may influence the answer. Politicians are well experienced in warding off leading questions form reporters; but if leading questions are inadvertently posed to subjects who are easily suggestible, such as small children, the validity of their answers may be jeopardized. In contrast to common opinion, the qualitative research interview is particularly well suited for employing leading questions to repeatedly check the reliability of the interviewees answers, as well as to verify the interviewers interpretations. The task in an interview is not to avoid leading research questions, but to recognize the primacy of the question and attempt to make the orienting questions explicit, thereby providing the reader with the possibility of evaluating their influence on the research findings and of assessing the validity of the findings. There are no unequivocal quality criteria for research interviews. A good interview rests upon the craftsmanship of the researcher, which goes beyond a mastery of questioning techniques to encompass knowledge of the research topic, sensitivity to the social relation of interviewer ad subject, and an awareness of epistemological and ethical aspects of research interviewing. 8. Transcribing interviews Oral and written language Transcription is an interpretative process, where the differences between oral speech and written texts give rise to a series of practical and principal issues. A transcript is a translation from one narrative mode, oral discourse, into another narrative mode, written discourse. The quality of interview transcriptions had always been a neglected issue. Transcribing interviews Transcribing the interviews from an oral to a written mode structures the interview conversations in a form amenable to closer analysis, and is in itself an initial analysis. The reliability and validity of transcriptions are generally neglected. If these two issues are addressed, the interpretative and constructive nature of transcription will appear. Computer tools for interview analysis Once the interviews have been transcribed, they become available for structuring and analysis by a variety of computer programs. The computer programs allow for such operations as writing memo, writing reflections on the interviews for late analysis, coding, searching for key words, doing words counts, and making graphic displays. No valid transcription of an oral account exists, but a variety of forms of transcribing, which will be valid for different uses of the transcripts. 9. Analyzing interviews Integrating interview analysis in an interview inquiry The question How shall I find a method to analyze the 1000 pages of interview transcripts I have collected? is a question which is too late en the work will be too much. The method of analysis should not only be given thought in advance of the interviewing, but may also, to varying degrees, be built into the interview situation itself. Modes of analysis No standard method exists, to arrive at essential meanings and deeper implications of what is said in an interview. The techniques of analysis are tools, useful for some purpose, relevant for some types of interviews, and suited for some researchers. But it depends on each interview itself. Interview analyses focusing on meaning Meaning and language are interwoven; in the practice of interview analysis the focus on meaning versus linguistic form does imply rather different techniques. Coding and categorizing were early approaches to the analysis of texts in the social sciences, which make it easy to transcribe the interview. Coding involves attaching one or more keywords to a text segment in order to permit later identification of a statement, whereas categorization entails a more systematic conceptualization of a statement, opening for quantification. Interpretation of texts is established by a hermeneutical circle, where the meaning of a text is established through a process in which the meanings of the separate passages are determined by the global meaning of the text as it is anticipated. Re-reading of the single passages may again change the first anticipated global meaning of the text, which again alters the meaning of the single passages. Interview analyses focusing on language The medium, or the material, with which interviewers work is language. The interview process occurs through speech, and the interview products are presented in words. During the last few decades social science researchers have started to use linguistic tools. Linguistic analysis, narrative analysis, conversation analysis, discourse analysis and deconstruction. Interview analysis as bricolage Many analyses of interviews are conducted without following any specific analytic method. The researchers may then freely change between different techniques and approaches. Bricolage refers to mixed technical discourses where the interpreter moves freely between different analytic techniques. In contrast to systematic analytic modes such as categorization and conversation analysis, bricolage implies a free interplay of techniques during the analysis. 10. Validation and generalization of interview knowledge Objectivity of interview knowledge. Issues of reliably and validity go beyond technical or conceptual concerns and raise epistemological questions of objectivity of knowledge and the nature of interview research. Interview analyses can be objective in the sense of intersubjective agreement, such as when a high degree of intersubjective reliability is documented by coding interview in quantifiable categories. Objective may also mean reflecting the nature of the object researched, letting the object speak, being adequate to the object investigated expressing, the real nature of the studied. Contrary to common opinion, knowledge produced in interviews need not be subjective, but may, be an objective method with respect to key meanings of objectivity. Reliability and validity of interview knowledge Reliability pertains to the consistency and trustworthiness of research findings; it is often treated in relation to the issue of whether a finding is reproducible at other times and by other researcher. Validity refers in ordinary language to the truth, the correctness and the strength of a statement. A valid argument is sound, well grounded, justifiable, strong and convincing. Validity as quality of craftsmanship Validation rests on the quality of the researchers craftsmanship throughout an investigation, continually checking, questioning and theoretically interpreting the findings. Validations do not belong to a separate stage of an investigation, but permeates the entire research process. Validity is ascertained by examining the sources of invalidity. The stronger the falsification attempts a knowledge proposition has survived, the stronger and more valid is the knowledge. Communicative and pragmatic validity When a modern belief in knowledge as a mirror of reality recedes to a social construction of social reality, communicative and pragmatic forms of validation come to the foreground. Communicative validity involves testing the validity of knowledge claims in a conversation. A Communicative validation of interview findings raises specific questions about the how, why and who of communication. Pragmatic validation relates to the users responses to an interpretation, and in a strong for it concerns the issue of whether interventions based on the researchers knowledge may instigate actual changes in behavior. Pragmatic validation is verification in the literal sense, to make true; justification is replaced by application. Analytical generalization rests upon rich contextual descriptions. It includes the researchers argumentation for the transferability of the interview findings to other subjects and situations, as well as the readers generalizations form a report. 11. Reporting interview knowledge Contrasting audiences for interview reports. When writing a report for an interview study it may be useful to be aware of different requirements within local social science communities. In common interview reports the link between the original conversations and the conclusions reported may be thin or missing. The interested reader will not find any, or only come across some vague scattered descriptions of how the interview knowledge was produced. Working towards the final report from the start of an interview study may contribute to a readable report of methodologically well-substantiated, interesting findings. Presenting interview findings with a quote, three guidelines for editing are suggested: The quotes should be contextualized; Interview quotes should be rendered in a readable style; Interview quotes should preferably be loyal to the habitual language of an interviewee. For communicative validation and analytical generalization, readers need rich contextual information about the interview findings in order to validate and generalize the results. 12. Enhancing interview quality Learning the craft of interviewing A book about interviewing involves a paradox of presenting explicit and general guidelines for a craft, which consist of practical skills and personal know-how that often remains tacit and depends on given situation. It can not be predicted which an interview journey goes. If people research interviewing by themselves, they will discovered the theory about interviewing and transcription themselves and not through a book. Starting to learn interviewing by listening to tapes will sensitize novice interviewers to the oral medium of the interview craft. Learning interviewing by transcribing interviews promotes a discovery learning where , through their own practice, newcomers tot the trade discovery techniques and dilemmas is transferring live conversations to written texts. There are three options to learn about interviewing: Learn interviewing by witness others interviewing; Learn interviewing by practicing interviewing; Learn interviewing in a community of interview researchers. The road to mastery of interviewing through a transcribing task, an interview practicum, or ideally a research apprenticeship, may appear as too cumbersome and time-consuming to some students. But it is most important to be well prepared. The adequate knowledge of the nature of interview conversations is suggested by: A pragmatic approach involves a move from philosophical legitimation to the practical effects of knowledge. Rather than seeking universal knowledge, the emphasis is on situated knowledge. What matters is not arriving at context-independent general knowledge, but producing well-described situated knowledge from the interviews. Interview knowledge is not collected, but produced between interviewer and interviewee, and the meanings constructed in their interaction are again restructured throughout the later stages of an interview inquiry. In order to reach a professional level comparable to quantitative analysis today, qualitative social research needs to move beyond a linguistic illiteracy towards a professional mastery of the linguistic medium of the interview craft. We live in a conversational world. The relevance of conversations in social science goes beyond the use of interview conversations as an additional empirical method. It concludes conversations among researchers, and the public, about the truth and value of the knowledge produced in interview conversations about a conversational world. Conclusion Doing interviews by Stein Kvale is a book which has two kinds of different input. There is the theoretical background and the practica

marketing rules Essay -- essays research papers

This is an introduction with insight on what Guerrilla Marketing is. The main idea of Guerrilla Marketing is to try and get the most out of advertising, by using the least expense. There was a statement that suggested using alternative plans rather than standard expensive plans discussed in textbooks. Most of those plans are developed for large corporations with a huge spending budget. Guerrilla's don't have the same revenue to spend on large advertising campaigns. The best plan is to make the most of the money that is available to the company. Technology is a huge benefit to business owners of today. In today's society this is something that must be pursued and will also offer huge benefits to the Guerrilla's. There also was general information about tomorrow's customer. One aspect that stood out, was the fact that they will be less forgiving and will greatly appreciate warmth and attention. There was also a list of the fastest growing areas. These areas are Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Texas and Utah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Entrepreneurial marketing is to be very profitable for the owner who wants to get it right the first time. This helps by focusing on the task at hand and trying to perfect the operation. The single most effective improvement a company can make, is reducing as many errors as possible. There also is a slim possibility that only a few customers are enough to run a business and make a profit. This is very important in understanding the way key customers spend at your company. 80/20 rules are very important to keep in mind. This is a rule that tells us that 80% of the profits come from 20% of the customers. There is also the key to try and make the most out of the money spent. One great example is how to use a business card effectively. The business card should have as much information as possible. This will help to get the entire guerilla effect. A business card can provide valuable information, but it can also be used as a resume. A small business also has the chance to get up close and personal with it's customers. This is a great tool for the Guerrilla that is willing to try and be involved with the customer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are thirteen important marketing secrets. This is a list of secrets that are used by the guerilla's in the marketing industry. The main secrets that stood out t... ...Guerilla that understands the thought process of the consumer and uses that understanding to better the chances of the sale. This can be the use of the point of purchase displays or the way the music is played, and the overall feel of the area. It is good to create a human bond that will help to enforce the quality of the shopping experience. There are also language of colors that will help the business. It is important to understand the aspects of the colors and how they affect the consumer. One of the best aspects is to use the name of the individual. This makes the consumer comfortable and will help them in repeating business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How Guerilla's win battles is very important in creating a marketing plan to be followed. This can be a very tough task and hard to implement. It is also very important to launch this in a slow motion. Take small steps to the goal and be sure to move slowly. This will allow for a comfort level to be developed. Another very important aspect is to measure the results. It is impossible to know how a marketing plan is if there is no data to compare the changes to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Teaching Mathematics And Science In Elementary Level Education Essay

Teaching mathematics and scientific discipline in simple degree is a ambitious undertaking because of the negative attitude pupils have. Teachers must so be really careful when learning this topic and guarantee that they encourage pupils in the topic ( Muschala J, Muschala G & A ; Muschala E, 2010 ) . They must guarantee that they use all the techniques available to promote pupils and do them believe that mathematics is non is non difficult. Mathematicss and scientific discipline are the impulsive topics in most countries of the existent life state of affairss therefore it is indispensable for pupils to understand them. Due to the importance of mathematics and scientific discipline, several criterions have been put frontward to steer instructors. Such are formulated by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( NCTM ) and National Science Education Standards ( NSES ) . The criterions are aimed at assisting instructors to use the best instruction methods and help them in promoting pupils to wish the topics. The first criterion provinces that the instruction system should be structured in a mode that encourages effectual instruction and acquisition ( Ediger 2003 ) . This means that all that instructors require in instruction should be availed to them. Another standard provinces that attitude and the acquisition of the pupils is extremely dictated by the learning methods applied by their instructors ( Westaway 2007 ) . Teachers must hence hold the ability to interact with pupils good and be selective in the instruction methods since this determines the apprehension of the pupils. The 3rd criteri on provides that the efficiency of instructors is dictated by the beliefs and attitude a instructor has on scientific discipline topics. It is hence of import for instructors to hold the right attitude since this will impact good on the acquisition of the pupils. The 4th criterion provides that the procedure of acquisition is both societal and single procedure and pupils should be encouraged to work out existent life state of affairss in groups or separately. The other criterion is that instructors must understand the assorted backgrounds and their understanding abilities and maintain them in head when instruction. The instructor must seek to fulfill the particular demands of the pupils and handle them consequently. But above all, pupils must be encouraged that all are capable of understanding mathematics and scientific discipline ( Westaway 2007 ) . Unit of measurement OF STUDY FOR FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTS In this paper is a proposed unit of survey in the topic of mathematics, affecting fractions, decimals and per centums. The ends and aims of this survey unit is to guarantee that the unit is taught efficaciously with the right stuff. The other end or aim is to guarantee that the learning methods applied by the instructor serves to actuate the pupils to understand and larn mathematics. Another aim is to guarantee that the instructor has a positive attitude towards what he is learning because this will act upon the pupils positively. It is besides an aim of this unit to promote pupils learn as a group every bit good as to set single attempts in understanding the constructs of mathematics. The last end and aim is to guarantee that instructors understand the diverseness of background and difference in understanding capacities of pupils and handle them consequently. The stuffs and resources needed in this unit are divided into three classs which are enactive, symbolic and iconic ( Ediger 2003 ) . Enactive stuffs are the touchable resources that give pupils a custodies on experience in acquisition. The iconic stuffs are the audio ocular AIDSs that help the pupils by hearing and seeing. The symbolic stuffs are the text editions and other printed stuff that explains the constructs to the pupils. In this unit, the instructor requires relevant text editions which must be certified by the relevant governments. Other resources like written cards, pieces of chalk, chalkboard, short movie, physical objects like Mangifera indicas and any other relevant stuff harmonizing to the category of the pupils. The cards must be written in different colourss and the physical objects must besides be of different colourss to do acquisition interesting for the pupils. The instructor must publish instructions to pupils in a linguistic communication apprehensible to them and seting into consideration the diverse demands of the pupils. The instructions must be issued in a sequence and accompanied by the right stuffs and resources ( Ediger 2003 ) . The first phase in issue of the instructions must be by usage of the physical objects to present the thought to the pupils. For illustration, the pupils might be asked to take oranges from a given figure of oranges in a basket, say ten, and asked how many are staying. They can besides be asked to number the figure of ruddy balls and the figure of white balls and show them in relation to the entire figure of balls present. At this phase, the instructor must guarantee that all the pupils take part to the full and are attentive plenty. The instructor must do this every bit interesting as possible by doing merriment and affecting the pupils in physical battles. The other phase must be through the usage of images or other iconic stuffs like short movies and illustrations. The instructor should besides prosecute the pupils full by inquiring them inquiries and necessitating them to reply. For illustration, the instructor might keep a card with three boxes in it, two of which are shaded ruddy. The instructor might so inquire the pupils to number the entire figure of boxes and the figure of boxes shaded ruddy. They should so be helped to show the figure of ruddy boxes in relation to the entire figure. Other iconic stuffs should be used the same manner and in an interesting mode. After usage of the iconic stuffs the instructor must so utilize the symbolic stuffs which is application of what the pupils have learnt to the what is written in text books. The instructor should steer the pupils in reading the texts, associating the content to what they have done in the old stairss and so understanding the constructs. In all the stairss, the instructor must help the pupils to associate what they have learnt to existent life state of affairss and even necessitate pupils to come up with more illustrations. The instructor should frequently inquire the pupils whether they understand the constructs and even measure for himself at every phase. He should on a regular basis inquire the pupils whether they have troubles in their apprehension and attend to the troubles adequately ( Ediger 2003 ) . Merely after all the troubles are solved should the instructor continue to the following measure. Students should be to the full involved and the instructor must utilize wise methods of spoting troubles in understanding since pupils may shy off from stating them. The 12 scientific discipline procedures should be incorporated to the full in learning this unit. These procedures include doing observations, inferring, taking measurings, pass oning, seting things into classs and doing anticipations. These should be used to the full in that the instructor should allow the pupils learn through the procedures ( Westaway 2007 ) . When a instructor puts up a printed card for the pupils to see, he must steer them into doing the right observations, understanding or deducing, pass oning to the others and sorting the job. This will heighten engagement and apprehension of the pupils. Harmonizing to Muschala J, Muschala G & A ; Muschala E ( 2010 ) manipulatives are the learning AIDSs that help pupils to make a theoretical account of constructs and place relationships in the theoretical accounts. These should be used since the trigger the imaginativeness of the pupils and assist them to hold on the whole mathematical constructs. The instructor should measure the apprehension of the pupils at every phase and guarantee that they understand. The appraisals should me formulated in a manner to promote the pupils and non to deter them. They should be disputing but at the same clip non excessively hard. The instructor must walk the tight rope in equilibrating the grade of trouble ( Muschala J, Muschala G & A ; Muschala E, 2010 ) . The appraisal must be consecutive get downing with the simple jobs traveling to the ambitious 1s and non frailty versa. At the terminal of the unit, the instructor should seek response from the pupils on how they found the topic ( Ediger 2003 ) . The instructor should ask from them on new ways to use what they have learnt in existent life state of affairss. This will be an encouragement to the pupils and will fix them for the following unit. It is clear that even if pupils think that mathematics is difficult, using the right instruction techniques and the right mathematics linguistic communication can assist to do them like the topic.