Justification of Humanities Essay Example for Free

Justification of Humanities EssayThe liberal arts have been studied since ancient Grecian times as an academic discipline, examining human frame and including the arts, literature, philosophy, annals and some social sciences. In 2008, nationally recognized and respected literary theorist Stanley Fish wrote a New York Times article in response to a New York State Commission on Higher Education report in which people posted complaints that the liberal arts are forever and a day the last to be financially funded. Fish sums up his argument with an insulting conclusive statement To the question of what accustom are humanities? , the only reasonable answer is none whatsoever. He backs up this claim by pointing out the lack of evident evidence that is produced by humanities compared to science and opposite fields. I assert that Fish underestimates the power of the intangible benefits that the humanities have to offer. His overall argument a fetchst the value of humanities present s a point-of-view that is extreme, reductive, and insulting to anyone associated with the humanities and the battlefield of them. An education involving the study of humanities enables readers with skills that are applicable in understanding and comprehending contemporary media and literature.Literature, for that matter, effects people morally and possibly behaviorally and that effect, positive or negative, is of use. Narrative literature and historical texts also allow readers to build a bridge and connect with the past and its people. The media has become an inevitable part of our society directly and, unfortunately, media manipulation has as well. Public relations companies and the government have hidden agendas that the journalists blindly incorporate into their stories and columns. People are paid to make the American everyday perceive pictures and articles in a deceitful, false way in order to sell a war or downplay a disaster.In 1996 conjuration Rendon, the founder of The Rendon Group, a public relations firm, admitted to U. S. Air Force cadets that the Gulf War in Iraq had been a big project for his company. He even talked close to generating deceiving photographs Looking back in history with with(predicate) other conflicts (i. e. , Vietnam, Iraq), or political issues or even stories of famous individuals, we can observe many situations alike(p) to what Rendon explained that supports a recurring complaint in our culture, whether provable or non, that the press will print stories without evidence if they make more money in the process.Specifically, the media reporting after the 911 attacks were constant and focused on Osama bin Laden as the mastermind behind the attacks and on Iraq having weapons of mass destruction as they were told by authorities. Pro-war sources were disproportionately focused on over anti-war sources which helped build misguided public support for our war on terrorism and on Iraq. But we now know WMDs were not in existence there, but this shows the power of media stories, no matter whether based on fact, and its ability to influence society and the power it can take outside from us by eliminating fully-informed decision-making.By being exposed to manipulating and deceiving narrators such as Lolitas Humbert Humbert and Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In the Rye, students gain experience in signal detection this fraudulence or bias. Also, through involvement with this type of reading and writing, the ability to sense when they are being propagandized or manipulated. An education that includes humanities provides tools for people to consciously keep from falling for the bias and hidden slander that is involved, specially with politics.This awareness can cause better decision-making (voting especially) and affect a persons mentation very greatly. Exposure to humanities can cause people to be less egocentric and can arm them with a point-of-view that will help them protrude through narrow-minded opini ons and statements, like Fishs, and develop their own sound, fact-based and well-rounded opinions. Fish also comments in his article, What do they humanities do? They dont do anything, if by do is meant bring about effects in the adult male.This claim is resting upon the questionable understanding that the do is supposed to yield a tangible product, a constant misconception Fish downms to have. I am arguing that an effect on a person, positive or negative, implies that something was done to have caused that effect. Fish himself names many examples of literature affecting its readers he just chooses to discard them and remain skeptical. Countless examples have affected millions of people. Rachel Carsons Silent Spring is commonly assign for the launch of the environmental awareness movement.The Bible itself is a form of literature, and I am sure that Stanley Fish cannot argue that The Bible has not affected the world Dr. Seuss books affect children and adults all over the world wi th their simple yet effective messages through the creative rhyming. The Food and Drug Administration was founded as a latter(prenominal) result to Sinclairs The Jungle, and I believe that this would be considered an example of doing something, even according to Fish. Books, and all forms of art, can cause people to reflect on the plot, the characters, or the good questions being pondered in the story.We can contemplate character attributes we appreciate or reject and watch scenarios unfold in books that can be comparable to(predicate) to situations in our own lives. Fish believes it is not the business of the humanities to save us, but I do believe an education in humanities can help us save us from the worst of ourselves by helping us become more well-rounded citizens with an understanding of the past so we can head effectively and productively into the future. I agree with Kronman who Fish quotes as saying a college was above all a place for the rearing of character.This compl etely supports an intelligent quote by Martin Luther King Jr. King said, Intelligence plus characterthat is the true goal of education. Without any humanities incorporated in a persons education, can this goal be fully achieved? The renowned Spanish-American essayist George Santayana said, Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to reiterate it, and I cannot agree more with this claim. It highlights the importance of an education in history, another branch of the humanities discipline.Having a connection and understanding with the past allows us to gain appreciation for the world today and learn from the mistakes made through history, so those mistakes are not repeated. For example, the very foundation of Americas government was created through utilizing documentations of various governments implemented through history The founding fathers sifted through accounts of different governments and how successful they were and used them to form the Constitution.For example, they applied the system of checks and reliefs in order balance power among the braches and stray from the way that Britains monarchy was established. Books and the arts used to be mans sole form of entertainment and it is amazing to read the thoughts and see the creations of a person from so long ago Narrative literature, especially from the past, allows us to delve into the mindset of someone from a different time, and that is something that no history book can teach.The readings assigned in humanities classes expand students knowledge of life and morality from a different time period and examines why this ethical mindset existed in the historical context. We reflect and compare the morals of those in the past to our own, making connections with the past yet also seeing the development of ethics and moral behavior through time. Teachings in humanities can be directly applied to the commercial culture that is present in our society today, especially with the deceitful and biased influ ences in the media.Literature has direct effects on us on an emotional, ethical and logical level and the connection that is made through books with the past is undoubtedly one of the most helpful insights of the past. Fishs argument was immature and was based merely on tangible products, a narrow-minded viewpoint that overlooks the power of thought and the mind My contrasting opinion defends the impalpable and in that sense, suggests humanities can contribute to improving a reader in person and potentially benefit the future of society greatly.

Critiquing and changing the world through critical theory in traditional and critical theory an essay by max horkheimer Essay Example for Free

Critiquing and changing the world through critical possibility in traditional and critical surmisal an essay by max horkheimer EssayCritical theory is directed towards both critiquing and changing the world, instead of merely explaining and see it. The term critical theorywas coined by Max Horkheimer in his essay Traditional and Critical Theory (1937). By constitution, it is radical, emancipatory and highly democratic in nature historically specific but ever-changing. Even preceding Horkheimer, Karl Marx also contributed to critical theory affirming that philosophers have only interpreted the world in certain shipway the point is to change it (Theses on Feuerbach). Ontologically, the nature of the world is intrinsically one with diametrically opposed dichotomies of power and built-in disadvantaging imbalances and covert, oppressive structures. Horkeimer affirms that critical theorys primary objective is to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them (Horkh eimer 1982, 244). Freedom is derived at the epistemic level for knowledge is power (arming the oppressed with weapons to conduct transformation against dominant orders of society, merging theory and action, instigating change in living conditions merges theory and action and align itself to working against diverse dominant orders of society). It appreciates the lived experiences of people and interprets actions and symbols of society to reckon social oppression. Methodologically, critical theory is pluralistic especially as a result of several socio-economic and political shifts brought about by globalisation. Consequently, several genres of critical theory have emerged, for example racial, post-colonial and feminist. feminist movement is any socio-economic, political and cultural movement aimed at reforming society through equal rights and protections on behalf of the muliebrity. Mainstream feminism embraces the legality of the woman as an independent individual, promoting full participation, inclusion and integration to enjoy its rights, responsibilities and privileges. The improvement of the womans social condition in civil life hinges on progressivism in where public policies are the catalysts for positive social change and where she would be emancipated and empowered. Feminism is convinced of the positive potential of woman and the benefits which would redound to the bigger society through her empowerment.Feminism is about the social transformation of gender relations (Calas 2009). Feminism is virulently opposed to distaff subjugation, subservience and misogynist injustices oscilloscope about to liberate the woman from inhibiting traditions and status quos that tend to undermine the validation of her personhood. Generally, feminists support gender equality where both sexes can avail themselves of the same opportunities in both the domestic and public realms. No longer is a woman an inferior or weaker sex. She is an equal. Feminism also perceives th e world through gendered lenses, discerns anthropoid predomination through patriarchal structures and militates against it.An inexhaustible list of variations exists within feminism, for example liberal feminism clamours for womens equality, public rights and inclusion in decision-making and chat. Radical feminism demands a complete and fundamental restructuring and redefining of the worlds institutions, systems and human experience to supersede the male-oriented ones. Marxist feminism concentrates on capitalism as the root cause of female oppression especially in the labour market where men possess more capital and economic privilege. Eco-feminism, Separatist feminism, Post-modern feminism, Third-world feminism, Psychoanalytic feminism, Postcolonial feminism and Amazon feminism among others constitute other types of feminism.Battle of the Sexes (Feminism vs. Machoism) The polarization of men and women forms part and parcel in the perpetual battle of the sexes preoccupied with w ho should be more privileged in societys assigned gender roles. The battle of the sexes is predicated on female identity, autonomy, oppression, disempowerment which all reflects the.Feminism frames a discourse that attempts to challenge a longstanding male supremacy. In the past, man held a monopoly over discourse because of unequal structures (domestic/family, business, labour, education, religion and government) which dictated to the woman. In feminist critical theory, universal criteria are not value-free, but (based) upon male norms (May 2001). Owing to male preponderance, discourse would position the male at the centre so that one sees the male Self as the one who prevails whereas the female separate is relegated to the fringes of society. In the battle, machoism seeks to continue the promulgation of a male-based thought in ideas, structures, and institutions that cement his control in society. The masculine voice overpowers and represses the woman. Consequently, the answer i s to move away from (the) male-centred perspective and place women at its centre (May 2001) effectively questioning the legitimacy of and ousting patriarchal tradition.A Gendered ViewFeminist theory concentrates on the trajectories of women growing to asseverate themselves and rise above male oppression, inferiority, sexual abuse and gendered stereotyping. Like men, women have the right to autonomy so she must break the yoke of oppression, repression and suppression. Critical theory is hinged on the ideals of the woman as one who has been unduly victimized and oppressed by the patriarchy. This gender-centred philosophy contends with deep-rooted, sexist prejudice against the woman. It presupposes that phallocentric sexism is still in wide currency, discriminating and denying equality to the woman. Legitimized patriarchy in a world system permitted gross inhumanities and injustices to flourish against the woman, termed misogyny. Misogynist practices and policies physically and metap horically rape the woman of her dignity and personhood. In the face of these indignities, feminists perform critical theory by privileging and empowering the woman.Feminist critical theory pinpoints societal double stock(a)s and hypocrisy so that the woman is obliged to stick around by different rules inconsistent with fairness. Mainstream critical theory inherently privileges the man while disadvantaging the woman therefore the feminist discourse stresses the loopholes in the patriarchal discourse that tends to discriminate and disempower the woman. The double standard code of ethics governs the behaviour of the woman. Even in social research, feminists have succeeded in permeating the topic of double standard research so that other forms of sexism in the design of a study may also lead to a double standard in info interpretation (Eichler1999). Critical theory oriented by feminist principles prompts the question is this free from male-dominated standards or double standards Are both sexes considered and privileged? These questions shed lightness into the validation of the woman where formerly she has been relegated to inferiority and even anonymity in discourse. Feminism gives birth to female empowerment, yet the discourse often cloaked in anonymity, passivity, obscurity, self-effacement and subjugationGendered Critical TheoryFeminism is committed to reducing the unequal power in relationship (Acker 1983).It holds that equalising power will not be found in some stable orthodoxy but in an evolving dialogue (DeVault 1999). The the idea of objectivity and neutrality in the social sciences (instead)taking the womans perspective (Acker 1983). Despising the positivistic objectivity or the reality of the social world as a system of distinct observable variables independent of the apprehender (Acker 1983) is another quality of feminist-guided researchsolidarity with experiences germane to women. Feminism blatantly reject such tenets of mainstream social science as the objectivity and separation of researcher from what or whom is researched, the superiority of the researcher as expert (Small 1995). The attrition of these differences demonstrates a unique equilibrium in social research.Feminism and the Sexual Discourse in I.R.Feminism in I.R. initiates the sexual discourse, boldly tackling topics of sexuality affecting women globally. Rape as a war crime, prostitution and sex slavery, female circumcision, sexual orientation, forms part of the unsuppressed dialogue. Feminists aim to uncover the impact of culture on female sexual impressions and expression. In feminist discourse, the womans body is not objectified as a sex symbol but is dignified and even deified as it is liberated from social restraint. The politics of sexuality encapsulates various aspects of the woman owing to the links surrounded by gender and sexuality, linguistic usage and gender research inherently leaned on cultural interpretations of sex and sexuality thus the shift s in language and gender (Bucholtz 2004).

Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Heart of Darkness EssayKurtz is the human beings who Marlow huntinges for through the Congo. Marlows search develops into an obsession and when the search has ended, he only finds a shadow of a man that was once Kurtz. Kurtz was a man who had achieved great things in his life, inspiring each person he had go in across and was expected to accomplish more. He came into the Congo with great plans for civilizing the natives, however he became greedy, which ended up being the subject of his own demise. I had im handsse plans I was on the threshold of great things.Kurtzs main characteristics were his ability to talk passionately to mint and inspire them with his words. He had a charisma that do people feel that he was some kind of a genius. Kurtz was a very talented human being, gifted in many areas. He could not be pinned down to a specific talent. He was seen as a great musician to his cousin that Marlow visits, a brilliant politician and leader of men to the journalist and a g enius and humanitarian to his intended. Marlow views him as a universal genius. Kurtz is a round character, who is explored deeply and at times, almost to deep.He is neither the booster nor the antagonist, but he is a complex main character within the novel. In places where Kurtz is described, there is imagery of unfairness and foreboding evil. Kurtz was an exaggeration of the white people who had come to Africa for money. Kurtzs greed for ivory became extreme and even made him violent and aggressive. He was the idea of the self-made man that was the American dream. It was thought that any man could travel and be wealthy materially and spiritually. He was living that dream for a while, before it swallowed him whole.His ego inflated and he believed himself to be a ace being such as god. He let himself be worshipped among the natives and encircled himself with darkness and evil. Hence, his ideals had changed from his journey through Africa. And he soon became one of the natives. let go of himself from civilization and restraint. When Marlow finally reached Kurtz, Kurtz had become hollow. Kurtz had reached insanity. He was no longer the great man he had once been. He was hollow at the core. Through conversing with the natives and immersing himself with them, Kurtz baffled his restraint, which he had learned through civilization.By taking part in native ceremonial gatherings, he had lost his soul and he had succumbed to darkness. How many powers of darkness claimed him for their own. The reason for his behaviour was his greed for ivory. He gave up his soul only for the sole purpose of money and success. However, his actions are justified as Marlow expresses that leaving a man in a jungle with nothing but himself and the desire to make money, will make him go mad. Without restraint from his own culture, Kurtzs basic instincts were released. Kurtzs demeanor had dramatically altered as well.He was extremely thin and had a baldhead he had also lost the abilit y to walk. From being a God to the natives, he soon comes to despise them. He sees them as rebels, which is why he has stuck heads on sticks outside his hut. Exterminate the brutes In the end, Kurtz dies just after he has come to realize that he has become the heart of darkness. He is an embodiment of evil and he highlights this by saying, The horror The horror Kurtz was an imperialist who was a symbol of colonization, and a symbol of the jungle.

Middle Class in India Sociology

optic Class in India SociologyIs there something called the Indian Middle Class? How does this manifest in popular India ? Illustrate this from M some other Pious Lady Reference?Indian mall partitioning is it a group or a phenomenon? Who atomic number 18 the people who stimulate the Indian center(a) secern, what are their culture? The Indian shopping centre conformation has grown from a minority in pre-independence date to a vast volume taking the grip of the whole nation and playing a major role in driving it towards development. The book Mother Pious Lady by Mr Santosh Desai portrays the Indian midriff clique in vivid detail. The following writing eat ups the headings of the book and tries to explain Indian middle class with illustration from the book. I substantiate tried c all(prenominal) dressing the topics which I was able to connect to.Economic re stamp has provided the Indian middle class the most aimed the liberation in impairment of living deportment to the most. There has been a unending toss in the cultural sign and symbols adapted by mover of ages. Disappearance of girls pig tail, freedom of mobility through scooterette, providing the elders their own space of living, tele communion evolution, explosion in the passenger car segment , changing clothing pattern are few of the visible patterns in nine. Girls pony tail were a symbol of desired feminine reserved nature which has seen a transport both in length and its handling. The shortening of copper gives a girl a sense of personal control displayed metaphorically. The scooty revolution has helped the female to expand her boundaries without being dependent on any family member providing her a sense of independence. blush the car owned has seen a shift towards adapting more compact cars. The recent shift from petrol to electric and LPG base cars not nevertheless signifies the change in military cap efficiency towards efficiency but as well the urge to keep up technolo gically. Dhoni has been star the aline middle class iconic figures which has modify the way Indian see a small town boy. The can do attitude along with the lack of fear of failure and unmindfulness of hierarchy has been the reason behind success of Dhoni. Any Indian middle class can draw inspiration from him in the way towards dealing with insistence and playing without fear of failure. The increase in disposable in sleep together has led to the change in attitude towards life, attitude towards savings. The Indian middle class is not afraid to take risks in life to get a bigger return. He is in constant search of avenues of making money. An age where money has its own language, and the person in possession of money is in possession of situation. It has become the source of energy which drives the entire economy, of which Indian middle class has played the most important role. staged spousal in a distinctive middle class families is solace not openly accepted, reasons may b e preference for equal company bride which may not be guaranteed in love marriage. It may also be due to unfamiliarity or not being comfortable to other caste rules being brought and practiced in one family. Arrange marriage is not seen as marriage of dickens individuals but two families as well. The idea of likely bride and groom to know each other before marriage is not given preference as the custom of these individuals having the luxury of spending snip together is quite rare in any joint family. Also, the societal pressure is also a big factor which forces one to look into same caste bride or groom. The priority of selection bride or groom also is quite typical in middle class family and exchange of dowry which comes as unsaid package plays a major role in this decision. The raising qualification in higher of engineer or doctor may commence enough dowry to groom family to cover about all the family members life fourth dimension expenditure. Its agreed that many a sn ips this money only changes hand in case the same family has a girl to be married away. All these factors doesnt provide the luxury to place the freedom to choose the bride in the hand of the potential groom himself. The power to choose the family needs to be closely guarded and the sense of freedom evening off need to be made to felt to the groom. Also, the custom of preparing and matching kundli of prospective bride and groom to formally accept marriage proposal also affects the decision. The decision to go against the familys belief of marrying someone who technically doesnt match on paper may lead to social seclusion. The present has become poor indicator of the future indicates that new reputation, societal status, family acceptance takes preference over the prospective future of those two individuals living together happily. The middle path of arranged love marriage seems to provide the best attainable solution in the current middle class society. It comes with best of bo th the worlds. Even though, this may not be happening at an encouraging level provides enough encouragement to other families to try to adapt for the benefit of those two individuals in question. Other reason for further acceptance of this phenomenon is the trend of increment number of nuclear families. The tradition of fresh wed bride to stay with the family is becoming less frequent, leading to providing both the individuals to start their life with their own rules. The importance given to the caste is also decreasing due to importance given to education qualification and economic status in the society.The essence of middle class can be truly experienced bandage travelling across country via any means be it train, bus, jugaad or be it airplane. Out of all these means Train definitely displays the middle class in true sense. Indian Railways carries millions of Indians mostly middle class people through length and breadth of this huge nation on a periodic basis. A typical middle class passenger takes a train journey not just as travel but as ritual. He is worried about the co-passengers destination more than his own. The train coupe forms a perfect blend of many cultures and their practices. It is clearly visible during the meal time. Any Gujarati family travels in a group of min 4-5 members with a plethora of intellectual nourishment varieties in their stock. The ritual of cutting and preparing salad, preparing for the meal by arranging the plates and laying out the pre made food contents. The daily routine of having daily meal is still maintained irrespective of the place they may be.After Gold, probably Stainless steel is the metal which places itself super in the life of typical Indian middle class family. The metal is a reliable carrier of memories. It stands for pride, trust and assurance. Stainless steel makes its presence very(prenominal) eminent in daily life of middle class family through vessels, utensils. It is the true representation of in halations of middle class family, to be able to shine even after being put to test on a daily basis. It serves to utility to max. But due to recent advent of polymer technology and post slackening era, Stainless steel is being slowly being replaced by more cheaper and easily replaceable elements like plastics, aluminium. This trend not only displays the changing attitude of the middle class towards daily life approach. There has been a constant shift from need for longevity, durability to alternatives which would serve the utility at best price. This change is evident of the fact of the fast changing life, non belief in long standing commitment. Ease of manufacturing, handling, disposal, multi utility and economy of useNeed for Communication places itself on a very high scale for any Indian, limitedly a middle class family. The urge to stay connected through any possible means forms a strong bond among geographically spread and settled of the community. Even Post card saw its evol ution in the form of ready of competition postcards, travel postcards and so on which formed an important part of a typical middle class family. Post card, in pre telecommunication era, was the perfect carrier of essences which contained subject matter not for individuals but for the whole family from another family as such. Post card was like the facebook wall for the whole family. After the advent to telecommunication era, the ease of message transmission was shifted to audio content from textual content. But the current shift to electronic mail or e-mail has detached the flavour of writing garner to near and dear ones. Its well acknowledged that it has made life simpler, but the shift from paper letter to e-mail has shifted the letter only as intention.Middle class is best known for its ability to excel at the time of scarcity. The backbone of this feat comes from the culture of staying in joint families. Joint family is a true representation of Marxist institute where the f ruits of toil of the family is equally shared among the members. The belief in sharing everyone materialistic property among the members gives it a strong sense of binding. each member works for the family not for his self individual. But, there has been a constant erosion in the concept of living through sharing. This is clearly evident in the salary increase conflict in land claiming issues in joint families. The constant shift from joint to nuclear families, constant movement of families from rural areas to urban areas, rising living costs and at the base of all the changing attitude of middle class towards living through sharing has led to this crude change. spendtime break was usually associated with long break from school, summer holi daylights and trip to either native place or to a holiday destination with the family. It was a time to spend quality time with our near and dear ones. It was a time to take up some hobby at leisure be it discipline comics, take up painting or music classes. But the true essence of the break was that it provided an opportunity to connect to our real self, to our places and culture of origin. It was a time to experience the new, refuel with fresh change of some(prenominal) needed air. There has been a constant shift in the attitude of middle class towards the summer break as well. The shift from leisure spending to time to more serious way on engagement has been created due to constant peer pressure and to prove oneself distinct from the lot. The mushrooming of summer camps for children for sports, music and arts classes is not due to self interest of children as such but also to satisfy the aspiration of typical middle class parents to see their children develop a multi faceted personality.Mothers role is universally given the top priority in any military man being relationship pyramid. Indian Mother plays an even more important role in any middle class family. Gender Role of buzz off is very prominent in a middle cla ss family. She is the person responsible for binding the family, its health and even for counselling. She plays multiple roles in a family with vary responsibilities. She is the one who is more bothered about her sons exams. She portrays the true values of middle class through her aspirations for the family at the cost of sacrificing her own life.The affinity of a typical middle class family with white cloth reflects its aspiration levels of getting noticed in the society. This portrays the notion of purity in the era of corruption. The analogue of usage of ultramarine on white cloth is clearly with thin film of elite culture which every middle class aspires to be a part of. ultramarine actually doesnt help in whitening the cloth but only provides a blue coat to cover up the real patches of yellow soil resting on the cloth. It signifies the constant urge of Indian middle class to stand apart, its constant urge to excel through continuous trial. The recent adaption of dye ground cloth dye from ultramarine depicts a change in time. The spike in demand of English strength school for middle class and associating children education with English displays the attitude towards thin film culture to hide their true image.The obsession with order and discipline is a typical characteristic of Indian middle class. The sense of belonging is one of the implicit needs of the Indian middle class. Well creased and iron clothes are one of the symbols used to strengthen the need for order. It gives them the strength to fight against the chaos of nature. Straight Line represents their triumph of humanness.In the pre-liberalization era when people were not suffering from ADD(attention deficit disorder), people had vivid means of entertainment ranging from coffee house debating, fishing, travelling or be it sitting idle with friends with corner tea shops and having friendly chat. Even the perception of viewing something in motion could be confinesed as entertainment. Here the house windowpane played an important role in opening. It was the theatre of our imagination which would let your creativity do the talking. The recent expansion in the media domain has change magnitude the options of entertainment but also reduced the interest in the out emplacement real world. The role of window has changed from taking interest in real world to secluding oneself from the society.The ritual of visiting our relatives and near and dear ones without pre-announcement and even without a purpose was a common manipulation among middle class families having geographically scattered members. Even the purpose of the visit was not important. But recently due changing relationship among people and with growing linearity among it, the visit is associated with a purpose. Even the acceptance of un announced visit are not welcomed. The reasons of the trend can be varying ranging from improving communication technology to shrinking of family size to engulfing oneself in their own word.One place where the true middle class can be institute congregating is the 4 pages of weekly matrimonial ads in daily newspapers. The ads are structured as per the caste requirement. The place becomes the marketing platform where packaging the individual in the form of few highlighted well seeked off words becomes the success criteria of finding any mate through those ads. A typical middle class arranged marriage doesnt takes place between individuals but between the families and in turn their relatives. It doesnt remains an event affecting 2 individuals but goes far beyond. The typical middle class phenomenon of intra caste marriage even at the cost of not finding suitable bride/groom can welcome unwelcomed effect. It not only affects those individuals but also the society. This menace can only be dealt with if the priority of suitability for partner selection is shifted from caste to their personal attitude matching.Any fomite which is typically associated with a middle cl ass family has to be a scooter. A scooter is analogues to a mule comparable in strength and obedience for load carriage. A vehicle providing mobility with multi utility and an aura of safety around it was the perfect companion of any Indian middle class family. Scooter portrays the middle class persona to perfection. The ability of carry person well above rated number and weight, the ability to transform from people carriage vehicle to goods carrier in both front compartment and side deck, never asking for maintenance and providing the security of spare wheel made it the most suitable vehicle on Indian roads for any middle class family.Auto rickshaw has been an integral part of our lives which provides personalised travelling mode at near affordable price. Auto rickshaw was a vehicle which provided freedom from wait for worldly concern transport and provided door to door connectivity. The vehicle was a true image of the growing aspirations of the Indian middle class providing them the much needed differentiation in terms of image perception. The vehicle itself was positioned between the affordable but not comfortable mode of transportation , ie 2 wheelers and un-affordable 4 wheelers for a typical middle class. Of late due to improving public transportation in cities and increasing fares of auto transport, there has been a shift towards other modes but auto rickshaw is here to stay to its USP.In the pre-liberalization era, buying of any household contraption was an occasion in itself. The long term association with the appliances bought made it even further a special occasion. The appliances ranged from TV, fridge, Tape recorder, scooter, cooker, sewing machine etc. The appliance almost became a part of the family itself with special handling care taken care by the head of the family. The TV remote was the power centre which needs to be wrapped in polyethylene and handled only under guided supervision. Of late with the advent of consumerism and even increa sing appliances buying and replacement rate, the importance of any appliance has reduced drastically. The role of appliance has shifted from being centrally used by the family to personalized usage. The concept of personalized appliance for every member of the family be it mobile phones, music systems or even vehicles has reduced the emotional elements attached with the appliance. The behaviour has changed from repair mentality to exchange mentality. This has further reduced the need for caring for the appliance as the life bike of the technology considered upto date has also reduced drastically with new models being churned out every few models with better and improved features.The medical service was and is still considered luxury for many strata of our society. The affordability and notions attached with medical service and doctor are still alien in many parts of the society where the sole responsibility of the family health either lies in the hands of god or local medicine pra ctitioners. But in other well off places doctors are almost next to god. The typical Indian middle class finds itself stuck between the affordability factor and belief factor. Of late a typical Indian middle class tries to over smart the well trained doctor through primary research on internet. To him the advice given by an unknown on internet appeals to him with greater equity factor than the advice given to him by doctor.Radio was a very strong binding medium in pre TV era connecting people from across the geography, blood etc. There has been a constant shift in the methodology of popularity calculation of songs. Not only radio but also TV has been touch by the consumerism. The method of popularity is not only based on artists performance but also on the no. of sms send during the event. The Indian middle class is an upfront participant in the era of consumerism. The power of voting for their favourite performer has engaged the middle class into ever longer participation and in creased its loyalty for the event. A typical Indian middle class finds pleasure in seeing someone alike performing well and progressing in the event. picture show is trying to woo the middle class by providing much demand exclusive comfort through various class in shows.Typical Indian street food is a moving map of Indian culture whether you eat paani poori or idli dosa or Chinese. Its a place where hygiene is typically miss and is subsided by taste. Its a place for any typical calorie conscious individual to indulge and forget about extra calories. Its also a place where people across religion, caste and race are binded without issues.Indians love their cinemas and Songs and heroes are an integral part of it. Of late, there has been a constant shift from emotion based poetic songs to meaningless songs which are getting more encouragement from the society. Society doesnt have the quest for meaning through songs anymore, reasons may be varied. May be the middle class doesnt come to cinema anymore as a issue solver but as a mere entertainer. Cinema provides them safety valve from daily life issues for a couple of hours. And thats the reason, people look up to todays heroes as mere epitome of excess.The need of the hour is to encourage the real heroes to baffle change in the society. Middle class need to rise to true heroism, be it being entrepreneur helping generate jobs, generate income for people, be it workings(a) for societal development.Indian middle class is obsessed with power which really comes hard and short lived at times. The phenomenon is clearly evident in political hierarchy, power associated with official cars, its red sirens, the issue associated with security frisking. The reasons may be in the cultures acceptance of power distance, the need to show power at hand to society to gain importance. PSUs were set with mind set of socialism, but apparently they are the power house of the Indian industries. This scenario has been constantly shifti ng due to increasing main course of MNCs in India who preach exactly the enemy with its flat office structure, its open door policy, its transparency, its priority to performance over age based seniority etc. Film, politics and corporate are biggest institutions providing transfer of legacy through free passage of the baton to their next generation. License raj period was a black era where ones ability to survive directly depended on the bureaucratic contacts he/she had. The Indian middle class was a complete misfit in this zone. The scene is also changing fast due to increased concern over the companys performance even at the cost of baton going to an outsider fit for the role. We need to curb for similar happenings in politics as well.Indian middle class are the true carriers of ancient Indian culture in todays Indian culture. This is stand for clearly in the food and our existence around it. The food acts as the centre of our existence and stomach the seat of our soul. Food m ay be the barometer of our lives. The reasons could be due to immigration of varied cultures in India through ages, providing an enriching mix of food culture. One of unique form of food serving can be found in Thali. It forms a unique contrast with the western food culture of serving food in linear courses. The food itself is arranged all a time providing the connoisseur the option of selecting his course order accordingly. The reason why we enjoy Thali may be due to our finding pleasure in chaos. Another, interest food form ie Pickle forms a central part of a typical middle class diet. Pickle tries to preserve its ingredient in interesting form. It acts like the culture distillate. The availability of thali food in restaurant and pickle available in jars in retail stores reflect the changes in society. The agitated and fast moving lifestyle in urban areas doesnt provide an opportunity to families in either engaging in pickle preparation at home, neither do they find time to have meals at a time with the whole family at once. Even the food habits have seen constant change from Indian food to western food. The need to have the food on the move has seen shift in food and catering culture.Indians have ever felt hairy in declaring their love towards their loved ones and the concept of expressing oneself through words, day celebration etc was of alien in nature. With liberalization and adoption of western culture, there has a constant shift towards need for verbal and visual expression of love and care. The growth of cards culture in form of Archies, Hallmark etc., celebration of fathers day, mothers day, and even valentines day has come under accepted and much needed norms. The major reasons may be increasing spatial, cultural and generation gap among the family members. The middle class in the run to keep up with the society has replaced bhai dooj with brothers day, the daily expressed silent care with valentines day, the parental respect with fathers day. Th e reason could be the need to make every occasion big and reason to celebrate with public display. The love in some cases may also be weighed in terms of the value of the kick in exchanged. The Indian middle class obsession with English is not a new phenomenon, whether in the form of English pet names, obsession with English medium schools, the urge to communicate in English. This market is very well served by the growing tutorial classes promising to teach English in 30 days. Even though the excessive obsession has led to corrosion of native Indian culture but it also has a silver lining along with it. The boom IT outsourcing industry has been successful majorly due to the proficiency achieved by Indian middle class to international acceptable standards which has led to opening of job horizons for many.The Indian middle class believes in sharing and living, but sometimes at the cost of others inconvenience. This is clearly evident in the missing mobile etiquettes, throwing garbag e in public places, listening TV at home at full volume. The lack of need to respect others space may be the outcome of the feeling of one with the society. This seem an issue of little relevance but with times there arises the need to coach people about respecting for others feeling and space essential for unruffled coexistence.Few rituals find peculiar adaptation in typical Indian middle class society. The traffic system portrays a system of chaos working perfectly in harmony. Every driver has his own meaning of traffic rule, he drives focused only on his objective. The myopic objective getting beforehand of others even at the cost of creating traffic jam later. Honking is used for power display with safety put to backseat. Indian traffic is a perfect smaller version of Indian middle class culture. Many cities operate with no traffic signal nor with traffic policemen, which display almost magically the understanding amongst motorist. Indians perpetually find hard to follow ru les carved by someone else but are always apt to form their own. The rules are there to be stage set which is evident in the way drivers do when they jus hang the seat belt to escape fine only to release it at the first possible opportunity, two wheelers carry helmets in hand only to be worn when faced with a traffic policeman. The chalta hai proves to be major deterrent to arrive at a lasting solution. The lack of desire for quality may be due to lack of desire for lasting solution. The major beneficiary is Indian politics where criminals are forgotten and re-elected, where scams are forgone with time. India has come a long way from 64 crore bofors scam to 1.76 lakh crore 2G telecom scam of which Indian middle class was a mere spectator. Indian middle seem to be good at forgiving and even better at forgetting. Even sports remains untouched when come to the scandals like cricket and recent common wealth games. The reason may be the attitude of disinterest of people towards apt puni shment.The need of the hour is to educate the mass about the importance and benefit of following traffic rules. The need of the hour is to make the Indian middle class realize the power they have in their hands to elect capable and apt people.Liquor was always looked up as a menace in the Indian middle class and its association with ability to take the human out of oneself. The elite and extreme lower class always some occasion or reason associated with hard liquor consumption. But the middle class always took it as an unwinding tool, as a medium to hang out with. Our trip to Hill stations have always been associated with family, as a place to escape the heat and noise of the city. Indians always have been worshiping Sun, but also has always been looked with harshness of its nature which is quite opposite to western culture where they tend to welcome sun. Amitabh Bacchan is one those iconic figures who has lived through Indians for almost four decades now. He has lived almost all h is characters too real life like. He has given every Indian the sense of his own existence through his reel characters. He has been the icon of credibility for most if the Indian middle class. He is the one who can be trusted by any brand either for publicity or damage control, ranging from Gujarat tourism to Cadbury worm controversy.

Global Trends in Economic Justice

globose Trends in Economic juristIntroductionThroughout this course, I continu in eachy questioned my understanding of sparing judge. With all that is changing throughout our world, the spectrum of economic justice will continually evolve, as interests, laws, human interactions, and politics change. It was especially interesting to see that the majority of the country go in the top one percent of global wages, making and annual personal income of thirty four thousand. Which brings me to the issue of distress, and how the global economy operates in a fundamentally unfair manner. Although our economy itself is improving and our nation is becoming stronger, this doesnt mean oft when a significant percentage of the world is struggling to survive.We exhaust discussed the theories and concepts of what is fair through three different views Libertarian Capitalism, Socialism and wellbeing State. I will discuss my interpretation and personal reflections on economic justice in the wor ld, and what I determine, based off of our class discussions and readings, to be fair and just.My Personal ReflectionWhen discussions of poverty consumed the class, I decided to examine the way the world focuses on what strikes to be changed to better the economy and end poverty, mostly within the media, versus what is actually being done about this situation. There have been a make do of positive changes made throughout the world, first with Social Security after the Great Depression, to the now popular food stamps, unemployment insurance, workers compensation, earned income tax credits, and on and on. plainly there are not enough jobs available to most Americans that pay above the minimum wage. There is also not enough investment in education or skill development trainings. Although the minimum wage was never intended to support an entire family, due to the lack of education and skills, a broad percentage of Americans are altogether able to work where the pay is minimum. I f eel that basic human rights and freedoms are being compromised by allowing the poverty direct to continually increase.I support a wellbeing call down and its ability to help those stricken with poverty, however I feel that there needs to be major changes before the disposal ends up bankrupt, from the inability to control how much is going out versus what is coming in. Throwing money at the problem has not assisted in lowering poverty or making those who are in poverty, self-sufficient. Instead of making slew in poverty to a greater extent comfortable, we need to take more prosperity, to provide a way for these people to get out of poverty. The more money that the United States spends on means assisting programs, it seems the poverty level increases, and consort to president Barak Obama this budget for these programs will only increase over time. The best way to increase wealth in this situation is through the power of a free market. Protecting capital investments, giving peop le opportunities to start new businesses, encourage the failed government school system by encouraging competition and choice, and in the end encouraging and educating the poor on how to save and invest.Poverty in the World vs three Approaches to Economic JusticeSince the beginning of the War on Poverty, government has spent nineteen point eight trillion (in inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars) on means-tested welfare. In comparison, the cost of all military wars in U.S. history from the Revolutionary War through the new war in Afghanistan has been six point nine eight trillion (in inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars). The War on Poverty has cost three times as much as all other wars combined. (Rector, 2012) So what do we do? How do we make this fair and just? According to Stephen Nathanson, in the book Economic Justice, there are three approachesLibertarian Capitalism rewards people for their efforts and contributions, you can work hard and make more contributions but you dont always e arn more than people who work less and contribute less. Supports private ownership, a market system, supply and demand, inheritance, and charity.Socialism believes an equal distribution would prevent despair, everyone has a share by virtue of their humanity, from each according to his ability, from each according to his need. (Nathanson, 1997) Supports public ownership, a planned economy, with a centralized publicly controlled system, and assignation based on need or the egalitarian principle.Welfare State Allows people to get ahead by virtue of their efforts and contributions, while not judging them based on their mastery in the market, but that they have a legitimate claim to some resources. Supports primarily private ownership, a market system with some government intervention, and allocation based on some share of resources, market values and gifts.Libertarian Capitalism on PovertyDespite the fact that states have long been globalized in harm of their economic relations, it is only in recent years that scholars have begun to pursue the problem of distributive or economic justice on the wider stage provided by world politics. (Kapstein, 2006) The past 25 years have witnessed the greatest reduction in global poverty in the history of the world. The credit goes to the spread of capitalism. all over the past few decades, developing countries have embraced economic-policy reforms that have cleared the way for private enterprise. (Irwin, 2014) Even philosopher Adam Smith described the economy as a commercial society. Capitalism tends to cause some issues with regards to the poverty level because it encourages companies to shut down their factories and invest their money elsewhere, leaving people without a job. It basically is all about accumulation of wealth. Charles Murray suggests that people are in poverty because something in them is missing, and he believes that liquidating the welfare and government programs would leave those in poverty using these c rutches, only the resources of the job market, friends, family, or private or locally funded services, encouraging use their merit and earn.Socialism on PovertyIndividualism is promoted and views on capitalism from a socialist point of view is that of tyranny. They also tend to demand what the rich save and encourage wealth distribution through social entitlement programs, and because fair is never defined it cannot be measured. This view also likes to focus on production for need, not profit. They approve of increased and expanded government welfare assistance, as fountainhead as free quality education in a safe and secure environment. Socialism will establish a new social and economic order in which workers and community members will take responsibility for and control of their interpersonal relationships, their neighborhoods, their local government, and the production and distribution of all goods and services. (Socialist Party USA 2013-2015 subject field Platform , 2014) Social ist believe that poverty is caused by the natural functionals of a capitalist marketplace that has always excluded a significant part of the population from decent jobs and, thus, from the ability to purchase on the private market goods necessary for a decent life for themselves and their children.Welfare State on PovertyIt is a theory that affords for the total security of its residents and is similar to socialism. It provides entitlement programs and some social insurance to its residents, and provides for persons in need, through an unnumbered amount of programs known as welfare. Welfare incorporates government programs that provide benefits and economic assistance to Americans with little or no income. One of the main goals of welfare in the United States, is to improve the quality of living standards and life, for the underprivileged. Welfare help is usually extended to people other than just the poor and underprivileged and includes students, unpaid workers, caregivers, mothe rs and the elderly. One of the foundations of this country is personal liberty, and dependency on a government agency for financial assistance can detract from this feeling, and way of life and move into more of a welfare state condition.Below is a 1940s cartoon of William Beverage the founder of the Welfare State waiving a wand over big giant wants. People got used to living the scant(p) life with all the benefits and they became dependent. Social policy has come to be driven by the very policies that the welfare state was supposed to replace.Poverty in the welfare state, even with all the additional benefits provided, to those with lower or no income, is still increasingly high. One reason is because there are some things that the welfare state cannot control, for exampleBeing disadvantaged in the labor marketCant end inequalityCannot guarantee full employmentCannot provide persistent marriagesWe have to remember that welfare was not created for the poor, it was created to preve nt people from becoming poor.ConclusionThe many issues and opinions with Capitalism, Socialism and the Welfare State, and the effects of each on poverty are almost one sided. Everywhere you research you will find that each is to its own. So I came to the conclusion that what is fair in economic justice with regards to poverty is that the government should continue with the welfare state, fund those in need, and continue to fight discrimination, to the best of its ability. With that said, I dont believe in our liveliness we will see a major change in the poverty level, as our country continually accumulates debt to protect the underprivileged. So what is fair in this show window is just making sure that everyone has an equal chance and opportunity to make a better life for themselves. This includes state and government funded programs that can provide people with the opportunity to better themselves. There needs to be better regulations and a limit to the amount of help one person or family can receive, so that each person isnt just living off the government and increasing taxes for those that work. We as a country, especially with the new Obama Care laws are working to find a suitable solution to decreasing poverty, however, sharing the worlds wealth has never been an easy issue to address and correct. It will take a tidy sum of time and effort, and newer more suitable laws that protect the working class as well as the underprivileged in an equal manner before I believe that there can be a major change in poverty.ReferencesIrwin, D. (2014, November 02). The Ultimate Global Antipoverty Program. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal http//www.wsj.com/articles/douglas-irwin-the-ultimate-global-antipoverty-program-1414972491Kapstein, E. (2006). Economic Justice in an Unfair WorldToward a Level Playing Field. New Jersey Princeton University Press.Nathanson, S. (1997). Economic Justice. Pearson.Rector, R. (2012, May 03). Examining the Means-tested Welfare State 79 Programs and $927 Billion in Annual Spending. Retrieved from The Heritage Foundation http//www.heritage.org/research/testimony/2012/05/examining-the-means-tested-welfare-stateSocialist Party USA 2013-2015 National Platform . (2014, December 10). Retrieved from socialistparty-usa.net http//socialistparty-usa.net/platform.htmlYates, M. (2004). Poverty and Inequality in the Global Economy. Monthly Review, 55(9).

Bosnian War Exploring Motives And Behaviour Of Perpetrators Criminology Essay

Bosnian war Exploring Motives And Behaviour Of Perpetrators Criminology EssayThe main aim of this essay is to explore the motive, behaviour and polity of the perpetrators towards civilians and their enemy in the Bosnian Civil War from 1992 until 1995. The essay emphasizes common traits, behaviours of the perpetrators and identifies factors and agents that relate to their motives and aggression to commit tidy sum killing and crimes a murderst humankindity. This essay lead overly explain the factors that drive populate, who causationly co-habited harmoniously, to committing brutal acts of violence against their friends, neighbours and compatriots. The primary focus will be on three divers(prenominal) social multitudes in Bosnia during the skirmish the Serbs, the Bosnian Muslims and the Croats and the essay will focus to a greater extent on the conflict amidst Serbs and Muslims. It will in addition focus upon violent acts committed by Serbs against Muslims although as th e war developed, Serbs also became victims of specific kinds of Croat and Muslim violence.Sometimes, it is difficult for scholars to determine the real reasons or motives that make ordinary people with no previous criminal figure commit sudden brutal acts of violence. Focusing on the particular case of the socialal conflict in Bosnia, this essay aims to demonstrate why behaviour and doings of the perpetrators of genocide and war crimes is important. This will help to highlight the personality of perpetrators and to illustrate the complexity of perpetrators behaviour and way of thinking. The perpetrator-focused research in Bosnia drive out be excuse on a combination of moral, cognitive and practical grounds it emphasizes the importance of circumstances as an explanation for perpetrator conduct and suggests that Erwin Staubs concept of a continuum of wipeout1reflecting the fact that a perpetrators behaviour can rapidly fluctuate between acts of cruelty and kindness.2The Bosnia n Civil War was very complex and full of tragic events including the forced migration and killings of inhabitants based on their heathenity, also kn stimulate as pagan cleanup. To achieve the objective on controlling territories, the perpetrators, usually with the full support from the largest ethnic group, violently displaced or killed members of other ethnic groups who stood in their way3. In all cases, round on civilian populations was both an aim and instrument of war. The perpetrators include regular military, paramilitaries, militias, reservists, police, internal security forces or armed civilian group. The war in Bosnia was waged by ultranationalists who targeted civilians because they stood in the way of the idea of their national touch. This was achieved by ethnic cleansing, using violence and deportations of other ethnic communities who had previously lived together peacefully in Bosnia. For example, the Srebrenica massacre, the most infamous violent act by the perpet rators during the war, was described as the worst atrocity witnessed in the history of modern European world subsequently the World War II4and the largest undivided war crime in Europe.5By demography, Bosnia is a multiethnic nation, in which at that place was no majority ethnic group. Out of the population of 4.4 million, Bosnian Muslims constituted 43.7 percent, Serbs constituted 31.4 percent, while Croats constituted 17.3 percent. Before the conflict erupted in 1992, Bosnia was an example of a harmonious society where Muslims, Serbs and Croats lived side by side, free of social subordination.6thither had non been serious ethnic conflict after the World War II, and even though after the election in 1990 energize make the ethnic traffichip became more salient, the groups time-tested to resolve any conflict without any element of violence.7As a result, the vast majority of people in Yugoslavia co-existed in peace regardless of their ethnic or religious group.From one perspec tive, the war in Bosnia could be viewed as a clear-cut case of civil war which is an internal war among ethnic groups unable to agree on arrangements for sharing power. Similar to other civil wars, different parties who fought in this war had enjoyed substantial political and military backing from neighbouring states. The Serb and Croat paramilitaries tangled volunteers from Serbia and Croatia, and were supported by nationalist political parties in those countries.8Although Bosnian independence was fully recognized by the United Nation, n any Serbia nor Croatia accepted the resolution. A yet case could be made that the Bosnian Serb army was under the de facto control of the Yugoslav Army and Belgrade and was therefore an instrument of external aggression.A break factor to the conflict in Bosnia is the fictitious character of leaders as voices of extremism or nationalism. The attitude of Serbian leaders in Serbia and Bosnia played a crucial role in channelling the behaviour of or dinary Serbs against the Muslims and Croats. Shortly after the break-up of Yugoslavia, they led a nationalist movement, shape the makeions of events and made the ends to lead the aggression against other ethnic groups. As an authority in the highest position, leaders could command the trust and obedience of their fellow ethnic, while the ordinary man could claim that there were just following orders from the authority.9leaders in both Serbia and Croatia, sometimes aided by journalist, academics, and military organization, deliberately revived and exploited painful memories of the history of the former Yugoslavia in dispeling the propaganda to realise fear and hatred between ethnic groups. They exploited the brutality and atrocities among each other in the past especially in the Second World War and inflamed national sentiments between ethnic groups.10The Serb nationalist revival also led to intense public discussion of World War II close the atrocities of the Ustasha against Se rbs. During 1980s, when tension among ethnic groups started to escalate, Serbs were often reminded about the massacres, betrayal, and continued hostility between Serbs, Croats and Muslims. In order to plant the seed of nationalism among fellow Serbs, Ustasha killings has been portrayed much in mass media, memoirs, plays, and history, and it became obvious when Milosevic ignited the fire of the Serbian nationalism in everyday livelihood especially on television.11Each side fears that they will be the victim of genocide if others gain political and military power in Bosnia and this reason has been justified by Serbian and Croatian nationalists to push their people into wars of self-defence.12Leaders of ethnic groups such(prenominal) as Franco Tudjman of Croatia, Alija Izetbegovic of Muslims, and Slobodan Milosevic and Radovan Karadzic of Serbia inflamed the sentiments on their people by taking several actions and implementing some policies which favoured on their side.13For exampl e, Radovan Karadzic had warned the Bosnian government that if they ask independent, They will dis start. That people will disappear from the face of the earth.14In general, perpetrators are those who initiate, allay, or carry out acts of genocide or crimes against humanity. During the Bosnian conflict, the motive of the perpetrators could be classified into various categories. In order to eliminate what the respective perpetrators believed as a real or potential threat, as well as to spread terror among real or potential foes, mass killing and other atrocities were used.15It is quite difficult to fully understand the motives of the perpetrators because the individual and group changes that lead to more and more vicious acts may be espouse not only more comprehensible, but even seemingly natural. Perpetrators make many small and great decisions as they progress along the continuum of destruction. They choose leaders, adopt ideologies, create policies and plans, and engage in harm ful and violent acts and their circumstances and characteristics move them in certain directions.16In order to facilitate the flavourion of expulsion or killing of other ethnic groups, military and paramilitary force organizations were used as a common institutional structures. Such organizations oblige obedience, encourage conformity, provide training, desensitize their members responses to killing, and planted the ideology of the struggle to all member of the organization. All parties to the conflict in Bosnia are actually red-handed of perpetrating handle and violence, although to varying degrees. The main perpetrators of the abuses may vary from certain circumstances depending on which forces are in control in the particular territories. On the whole, however, the main aggressors take a crap been the Serbian military and paramilitary forces. As the main offenders, they are in a position to inflict great damage and their policy of ethnic cleansing with the intention to domi nate the whole Bosnia. For example, the infamous Arkans Tiger, one of the most ferocious Serbian paramilitary organizations which responsible for crimes committed to Muslims and Croats all across Bosnia, is a Belgrade-backed paramilitary organization where soldiers under his command brutally imprisoned, beat, raped, and executed non-Serb persons.17During the war, majority of the territory in Bosnia forcibly came under Serb domination and large segments of the Muslim population were either killed or expelled by paramilitary which actively participated in these operations in order to secure Serb control over territories.18While most of the Serbian perpetrators were conducted by a larger groups which is paramilitary or militia, the abuses attributable to Croats and Muslims were usually perpetrated by individual and do not associated with certain groups. Bosnian Croat and Muslims also lay down guilty of serious abuse of human right and crime against humanity. The destruction of Serbian property, removal by force, the detainment and killing of the inhabitant in many cases appear to be known but little had been done to prove it. For example, by committing the crime against Serbs in Kravica and for other atrocities committed around the region, Naser Oric, a Bosnian Muslims, was convicted by the International Court Tribunal for failing to take measures to prevent the murder and cruel treatment of Serb prisoners.19As for the Croat atrocities, the terrifying violence perpetrated against the Serbian populations in Krajina after its recapture by the Croatian HVO organization led by Mladen Markac in August 1995 will not be easily forgotten.20Many of the abuses attributed to Serbian perpetrators deal long followed a recognizable pattern that has come to be known as ethnic cleansing.21The primary aim of Serbian forces is to capture or gaining apprehend control of the whole territory and forcibly removing or killing non-Serbs the area. In most Serbian-held territories of Bosnia, pattern of abuses against non-Serbs were very clear and the method of abuses including rounding up the inhabitant, detaining in the concentration camp or just simply killing the civilian taken. counterbalance though much of the abuses committed by the Serbs were done in group, there were such abuses were been done by individual soldiers or single military, policemen and home guard22. The nature of the abuses, and the pattern and frequency which take place indicates that there was no command from the superior to stop the abuses.The patterns of behaviour of the perpetrators during the conflict were obvious when the tension escalated during the war. During the conflict, behavioural patterns among ordinary soldiers indicated patterns of racial hatred and prejudiced, manifested both in their actions against their victims and their feelings towards each other. The decision to utilize a large number of perpetrators may also be influenced by certain political objectives. Those who initiate genocide may seek to gain support for their actions by allowing elements of society to satisfy their passions and greed at the expense of the victims.23By plunging large numbers of the population into murder, the forces encouraging the mass killing may more tightly bind the perpetrators to the regime.The perpetrators book emphasised on collectivistic value that make group membership central to personal identity. Such regimes have been particularly adept at using such collectivistic values to highlight boundaries between in-groups and out-groups by making extreme categorical judgements based on the polar opposites of good us versus bad them.24They have set in their mind that their cause is sacred while the enemies are evil, they themselves as righteous, innocent or victimized and others are wicked, guilty, and the victimisers. It is clear in this conflict that the Serbs always portrayed themselves as the victim of the evil regime of Ustasha that murdered hundreds of thousan ds of Serbs during World War II.25There were varieties of practices used by the perpetrators to make their reprehensible conducts acceptable and to distance them from the moral implications of their actions. For instance, there is a moral justification in which mass murder is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it as serving socially worthy or moral purposes. Perpetrators may believe this rationalisation to such an extent that their evil is not only morally justifiable, but became a moral one.26Perpetrators can then justify their evil as essential to their own self-defence, in order to protect the cherished values of their community, fight ruthless oppressors, preserve peace and stability, save humanity from subjugation, or honour their national commitments. incorrupt disengagement is also facilitated by the dehumanisation of the victims.27By doing this, perpetrators categorized a group as inhuman when the target group can be promptly determine as a separate cate gory of people belonging to a different race, ethnic, religious or political group that the perpetrators regard as inferior or threatening. These isolated groups are stigmatised as subhuman and memories of their past misdeeds, real or imaginary, are activated by the prevalent group. The dehumanisation of victims helps perpetrators to justify their aggressive, sadist and brutal behaviour. A common form of dehumanisation is the use of language to redefine the victims so they will be seen as warranting the aggression. The moral disengagement of the perpetrators is complemented by a vulgarity of language that dehumanises the victims. Consistently, perpetrators dehumanised their victims that the words themselves become substitutes for perceiving human beings. For example, in most cases, Serbs described the Muslims in derogatory term as Balijas(dirty), Turkish yoke, uncultivated and wild dog.28One of the shocking elements in this conflict was that many of the violence and abuses were per petrated by their own neighbours. Violence against neighbour emerges as a major theme in numerous accounts of war and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, amidst cordial and amicable relations between Bosnian Muslims, Serbs and Croats. Before the conflict, ethnic relations in Yugoslavia is at satisfactory level, and many recall friendly and warm relations between neighbours, colleagues, or acquaintances of different ethnic or religious identities. Even once war began, many recognized that people of different ethnic or religious identity were not necessarily their enemies, and they believe that they can dumb get along together throughout the war.29At a glance, Serbs, Croats and Muslims saw each other as acquaintances, colleagues, neighbours, friends, and sometimes even relatives. However, fertile in reality, they identified others as members of groups marked by history as enemies. These groups did not in flow to make war, but there was an underlying latent and long lasting anger. This deep hatred were told by a Serb employee in the American Consulate to the American diplomat about his real feeling on Croat sometimes when he looked into their eyes, he could not help recalling the blood that stained the hands of those responsible for the slaughter of Serbs during the Second World War30. The War in Bosnia developed into a nightmare for the different ethnic groups, which had lived there in relative peace since the end of the Second World War. The peace was not meant for last forever, as ethnic leaders had created an cash machine of mutual fear and hatred that led to three and a half years of conflict and terror31.Many survivors of ethnic cleansing during the conflict have told a series of attacks by their former neighbours. Rezak Huzanovic, a former detainee in Omarska camp, writes in his memoir about his Serbian neighbour who joined in the killing and torture. They were our neighbours and then they burnt our houses. At Prijedor, local Serbs joined in murders and ethnic cleansing.32Refugees repeatedly told about series of attacks by friends or neighbours they knew well. In Foca in Southern Bosnia, one woman told about her Serbian neighbour showed up in her family home late night with machine gun and detained his husband. In fact, we had java with him a day before.33Multiple similar accounts both at the time of ethnic cleansing and afterwards make clear the strong grassroots element to ethnic cleansing and violence which were carried out in various parts of Bosnia. It is true that neighbours did not carry out ethnic cleansing alone. Witnesses, reporters, and investigators working for human rights group also made clear how paramilitary forces and militia swept through many Bosnian communities, carrying out violent act and killing, and the fighters in these forces include teenagers, peasants, locals who had also grown up in this multiethnic Yugoslavia pledged to the concept of brotherhood and unity.34A point to note that the same neighbour of everyda y life can mutate into an enemy when seen as a figure in a long-term historical narrative of nationalist struggle. Accounts of close relations between neighbours typically recall scenes of everyday life, of individuals as friends, classmates, and colleagues. Stories of ethnic rivalry, on the other hand, present narratives in which the same individuals function as members of enemy nations. This same conundrum of a friendly neighbour who kills can be described with the concept of cognitive frames or a mental structure which situates and connects events, people and groups into a important narrative.35Apart from that, a particular structure of nationalism plays a key role in generating ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. As an ideology of ethnic cleansing, nationalism is more a story than simply a form of identity. Within national narratives, the nation as an entity is viewed as the real protagonist. National narratives tend to be similar in their structure they present their hero, the nation , as unique in suffering and they depict the national narratives of rival nations as valid.36Concerning the perpetrators motives, they emphasized of betrayal and victimization that links to national narratives. Stories of national struggle recount attacks and even treason by other nations. These stories display hatred of the enemies of the ethnic groups, and for this reason they can be described as national hate narratives.37The nations enemies are inherently and irredeemably bad, and for this reason the problems created by the hated group can be resolved by its removal, disappearance, or destruction. For Serbs, they were being indoctrinated as the victims of the Ustasha and Muslim atrocities during the Second World War. They saw other ethnic groups as a real threat, and in order to get word that the history would not happened again, and to ensure their own survival, they collectively eliminate the threat by killing others38.The Bosnian conflict brought the practice of killing base d on ethnicity suggests that these violations were not random acts carried out by a few dissident soldiers. This policy has been masterminded by Serbian political and military leaders which is being consistently planned and strategically executed with the support of the Serbian and Bosnian Serb armies and paramilitary groups to create a Greater Serbia which will resulted in a religiously, culturally, and linguistically self-colored Serbian nation.39Some scholars, politician and commentators were quick to point out that the war was caused by the antiquated hatreds that the various ethnic groups bore toward one another.40This is inaccurate, because the multi ethnic groups of former Yugoslavia did not coexist in antique times at all they were only joined together after the creation of the Yugoslav in 1918. reprobate to some world leaders, commentators and scholars claims that this ancient hatreds stemming from a long history of conflict and ethnic cleansing in the Balkans were resp onsible for the conflict41, the reality, however was different. Rather than ancient hatreds, the conflict in Bosnia reflected a combination of various factors. The term ancient ethnic hatreds were manipulated by opportunist during the break-up of Yugoslavia, exploited and revitalized by ethnic group leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia, Radovan Karadzic in Bosnia and Franjo Tudjman in Croatia as their hold on power slipped. Each of them felt that the idea of establishing an ethnically perfect(a) state would contribute of the expansion of their political power and to strengthen their position as a leader of each nation.42A generation of historians and social scientists has come out with the idea that the factors of ancient hatreds had broken apart Yugoslavia. In some cases, the discussions of ancient hatred made actual violence inevitable, but the key episodes in narratives of national victimization were already well known before the Titos death, and these episodes came from many periods and places rather from any one region such as Bosnia. For Serbs, the key events of ancient hatred depicted in a narrative of national struggle and victimization included the Battle of Kosovo of 1389, the First World War, and Serbs mass killing by Usthasa and the Partisan in the Second World War in Bosnia.The war in Bosnia cannot be explained by theories of inevitable ethnic hatreds, even when such explanations handily excuse outsiders from the responsibilities of intervening. Previously, there were several racial and historical disputes in the former Yugoslavia but it was put down wisely by Tito. The rhetoric of national interest became increasingly nationalist in the sense of defining one group and its goals in opposition to another.43The sentiment of being oppressed where clearly documented in Memorandum of the Serbian Academy Arts and Sciences which was a draft published by Serbian intellectual and scholars in 1986. This memorandum became controversial because it u nderlined the discrimination of the Serbs in Yugoslavia and had claim that Serbs were inferior to other ethnic groups in the Republic of Yugoslavia. This seventy four page memorandum, which became a bible for Serb nationalist, incited nationalism among Serbs in Yugoslavia. Serbs claimed that Titos policies had discriminated Serbia and also emasculated Serbia politically and economically in the Republic. Serbs, especially nationalists, inspired by the memorandum, argued that the time had come for all Serbs to restore their national pride by becoming the dominant ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.44Apart from eliminating the real threat of the enemy, the perpetrators also wanted to spread terror among the enemies in order to show their dominance and authorization. To show their supremacy, mass rape and other forms of sexual violence were conducted as an act of dehumanizing the ethnic rivals. When committed on a mass scale and in certain patterns, such as in front of family members or in pu blic, sexual violence can communicate an intent to destroy the group, or the very foundation of a particular group, and this is particularly true perhaps in social, cultural and religious communities where acts of sexual violence not only shame and humiliate the victim, but also tear the core foundation of that community.45It appears that when committed on a mass scale and in certain patterns, sexual and gender-based violence may have communicatory value and as such may have something to say about the intention of the perpetrator. The systematic rape of women from other ethnic groups was purposely designed to slay the very foundations of the group.The main motive of systematic rape is to show the more powerful ethnic groups to demoralize the others through terror and humiliation. Rape and sexual assault on women were common during all stages of the conflict and occurred on all sides, but a lengthy report compiled by United Nation Commission of Experts had found extensive evidence o f Bosnian Serbs sexual assault on Muslim women. Mass and systematic rape took place often in a detention camp and in all, UN Commission compiled reports of mass rape cases from fifty seven different location in Bosnia.46Sexual violence perpetrated against Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat women during the Bosnian conflict was intimately tied to the process of destruction of their ethnic group. The mass scale, the extremely public and humiliating nature of the rapes and the systematic nature in which they were committed, clearly shows the violation of the core foundation of the group. This systematic rape were not only destroying womens capacity to reproduce, but some rapes also resulted in what both victim and perpetrator considered to be children of a new ethnicity. In patriarchal societies such as in the Balkans, the perpetrators of rape knew that the victim and her community would experience forced maternalism as a way to transmit a new ethnic identity to the child. Perpetrated o n a systematic scale, this pattern provides persuasive evidence of intent to violate the very foundation of the group.47However, most above all, the motive of the perpetrators to commit such violent act was based on a belief or an ideology. Inflamed by the rhetoric of nationalism sentiment of their leaders, the perpetrators of such violence are usually clear about their objectives to established a pure single ethnic nation and anxious to exclude non-nationals and potentially disloyal minorities. The intention of the force removal of different ethnic population is very clear, which is to benefit the more powerful groups or ethnic in order to establish a single ethnic nation. Despite removing others from their existing place, the roots of practice are more closely tied to ideology.

Marijuana Users :: Free Essays Online

Marijuana Users   My preliminary report will explain as much as possible about the characteristics of marijuana users and how these characteristics differ from nonusers of marijuana. Im sure you are asking yourself Why do people use marijuana in the first put down? This is a difficult question to answer in one sentence, but my report will simplify that question by explaining as much as possible about what motivates marijuana users to start and continue using the drug.   From my readings so far, there has been a continuing trend that marijuana users first turn on to the drug by tremendous pressure from their friends or peers. The peer group has a powerful influence on the nonuser because of the nonuser wanting to feel accepted by the in crowd. The trend of wanting to be accepted by a group of marijuana users is the major reason why marijuana use begins. Individuals usually find themselves in situations that promote marijuana use, such as parties, or within a group of acqua intances. The biggest age group that falls within these acquaintances seems to be from 18- 20 years archaic, but marijuana use falls sharply after the age of 22. Young people within the 18- 20 year old range seem to be looking for new and different experiences. The idea of being high also appeals to many young marijuana users- a ephemeral way to forget about the problems associated with youth.   Marijuana users tend to constitute a majority of the white, middle class community, which may be a shock to near Americans. My reading found in most cases that being black or oriental decreased the likelihood that a student would use marijuana. It seems that the sociocultural raft of the individual has a lot to do with marijuana use, not the race of the individual.   A great proportion of college students use marijuana, 25% of students or higher jibe to some findings. This may not be too much of a surprise to us. What I was surprised to find in my readings is that chronic mari juana users are, as a class and individually, high academic achievers. Furthermore, they are achievement- oriented and even some chronic marijuana users even intended to go on to graduate school at a higher rate than nonusers in a particular study I read about.   There were no differences from what I read, betwixt marijuana users and nonusers, in the number of probations, suspensions, disciplinary actions, or expulsions from school.